Table 9.
Summary table of insecticides, type of application and the reported efficacy in the different studies
| Active substance | Commercial name | Type of application | Culicoides sp. | Country | Host | Efficacy (in vitro semifield, field trials) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Field testing | |||||||
| Permethrin Y | Tectonik® 36 g/L; doses 10 mL/100 kg | Pour‐on | C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris | Netherlands | Horses | 82% | De Raat et al. (2008) |
| Tectonik 3.6% (1 ml/10 kg bodyweight, Virbac Animal Health) | Pour‐on | C. chiopterus and C. obsoletus | Netherlands | Sheep | 50% | Griffioen et al. (2011) | |
| Deltamethrin Y | 7.5% deltamethrin (Butox 7.5) | Whole body | Culicoides spp. | Spain | Sheep | 100% | Mullens et al. (2010) |
| 10 mL of Butox® pour on (7.5 mg deltamethrin/mL, Intervet, France) | Pour‐on | Culicoides Avaritia subgenus | Germany | Sheep | Reduced 86.4% of engorged females | Weiher et al. (2014) | |
| In vitro | |||||||
| 0.0025% deltamethrin | Exposure on impregnated paper | Colony of C. nubeculosus, field‐collected C. obsoletus and C. imicola | France | – | 100% after 1 h exposure | Venail et al. (2011, 2015) | |
| 0.001% of deltamethrin | Exposure on impregnated paper | Field‐collected C. obsoletus | Spain | – | 100% | Del Rio et al. (2014a) | |
| 0.05% of deltamethrin | C. nubeculosus colony | UK | 90% mortality | Onuike et al. (2015) | |||
| Lambda‐cyhalothrin | Oxyfly™ (Novartis) | Application on walls where insects rest | Field‐collected C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris | Germany | 100% | Schmahl et al. (2008) | |
| 1.25% w/v high‐cis cypermethrin | Coopers’ Spot On™, Schering‐Plough Animal Health, UK | Pour on | Culicoides spp. | UK | Sheep and cattle | High mortality | Carpenter et al. (2007) |
| 1,067 g cypermethrin per ear tag | Flectron® Flytags, Fort Dodge Animal Health | Ear tags | Culicoides spp. | Heifers and dairy cows | Efficacy for 14 days with 1 ear tag and up to 21 days with 2 ear tags | Liebisch and Liebisch (2008) | |
| 12.5–15 g/L alphacypermethrin | Dysect Cattle Pour‐On and Dysect Sheep Pour‐On (Zoetis) | Hair clippers obtained from leg, belly and back | Colony‐reared adults of C. nubeculosus | GR | Sheep and cattle | Near to 100%) up to 21 days post‐treatment (in vitro) | Papadopoulos et al. (2009) |
| Cypermethrin 5.0% | Deosect Spray, Fort Dodge Animal Health | Hair clippers | Culicoides spp. | GR | Horses | 80% at day 7–50% at day 35 post‐treatment | Papadopoulos et al., 2010) |
| Semi field testing | |||||||
| 7.5% w/v deltamethrin | Butox® 7.5 Pour On (Intervet International B.V., The Netherlands) | Pour on | Nulliparous females of a colony of C. nubeculosus exposed to shorn sheep | France | Sheep | 45% on day 4th after treatment. persistence of the lethal effect was estimated to be less than 10 days | Venail et al., 2011 |