Table 9.
Genotoxicity of 2‐methylfuran and, 2,5‐dimethylfuran
| Compound | Test system | Cells/animals | Concentration/treatment | Result | Comments | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2‐Methylfuran | Bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) | S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102 | 0.9–90,000 μg (+/−S9) | Negative |
Use of a pre‐incubation assay to maximise the reaction of volatile compounds with bacteria Pre‐incubation assay |
Aeschbacher et al. (1989) |
| 2‐Methylfuran | Ames test | S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA102 TA104 | 33–6,666 μg/plate (+/−S9) | Negative: TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA102 |
Questionable response in strain TA104 Pre‐incubation assay |
Zeiger et al. (1992) |
| 2‐Methylfuran | Ames test | S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100 | 14–55 μg (+/−S9) | Negative | – | Shinohara et al. (1986) |
| 2‐Methylfuran | Chromosome aberrations | CHO cells | 4,105–12,315 μg/mL | Positive (+/−S9): | Increased chromatid breaks and chromatid exchanges. Decreased clastogenicity in the presence of S9. No information on toxicity | Stich et al. (1981) |
| 2,5‐Dimethylfuran | Ames test | S. Typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 | 10–3,333 μg/plate (+/−S9) | Negative | Pre‐incubation assay | Zeiger et al. (1992) |
| 2,5‐Methylfuran | Ames test | S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100, | 16–64 μg (+/−S9) | Negative | – | Shinohara et al. (1986) |
| 2,5‐Dimethylfuran | Chromosome aberrations | CHO cells | 2,5‐Dimethylfuran (up to 1,922 μg/mL) | Positive (+/−S9): | Increased chromatid breaks and chromatid exchanges. Decreased clastogenicity in the presence of S9. No information on toxicity | Stich et al. (1981) |
| 2,5‐Dimethylfuran | In vitro micronucleus assay | BM cells prepared from C57BL/6J mice | 48 and 96 μg/mL (1 h exposure) | Positive (+/−S9) | Same increase in micronuclei both in the absence and presence of S9 | Fromowitz et al. (2012) |
| 2,5‐Dimethylfuran | Single strand breaks by Comet assays | Wild‐type and human hSULT /CYP2E1‐co‐expressing V79 cells | 48, 96, 144 and 192 μg/mL (30 min exposure) | Positive: both wild‐type and hSULT/CYP2E1‐co‐expressing V79 | Increase in breaks at > 50% survival | Huffman et al. (2016) |
| 2,5‐Dimethylfuran | Comet assays in kidney, colon and liver | hSULT and wild‐type FVBN mice | Gavage: 75, 150, 300 mg/kg bw |
Negative: wild‐type mice Positive: hSULT mice |
Positive at a single dose in kidney and colon but not in the liver No evidence of interstrand crosslinks formation |
Høie et al. (2015) |
CHO: Chinese hamster ovary.