| Reference | Type of study | Country | Subjects | n | Source of the vitamin K composition data | Intake assessment method | Value of intake (μg/day) | Mean/median/range/IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylloquinone | ||||||||
| Jie et al. (1995)a | Case–control study | NL | Post‐menopausal women |
113 79 females without aortic calcifications 34 females with aortic calcifications |
Shearer et al. (1980), Booth et al. (1993) | FFQ |
243.6 (women without aortic calcifications, n = 79) 189.9 (women with aortic calcifications, n = 34) |
Mean |
| Schurgers et al. (1999) | Prospective cohort | NL | Adults (≥ 55 years) | 5,435 | Ferland and Sadowski (1992), Booth et al. (1993), Shearer et al. (1996) and unpublished data | FFQ |
249 ± 2 (all) 257 ± 3 (men) 244 ± 2 (women) |
Mean ± SE |
| Geleijnse et al. (2004) | Prospective cohort (same cohort as in Schurgers et al. (1999)) | NL | Adults (≥ 55 years) |
4,807 (after exclusion of 613 subjects with a history of myocardial infarction diagnosed at baseline, from the 5,435 investigated in Schurgers et al. (1999) |
Suttie (1992), Ferland et al. (1992), Booth et al. (1993), Olson (1994), Booth et al. (1995), Ferland et al. (1992), Shearer et al. (1996), data from the laboratory analysed following Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) and Gijsbers et al. (1996) | FFQ |
257.1 ± 116.1 (men) 244.3 ± 131.9 (women) |
Mean ± SD |
| Prynne et al. (2005) | On‐going prospective cohort | UK | Adults | 5,362 included initially (in 1946); data analysis on 1,253 | Bolton‐Smith et al. (2000) and unpublished data | 5‐day diary (data analysis on subjects with at least 3 reporting days) |
59–81 (women, 81 μg/day in year 1999) 72–77 (men; 77 μg/day in year 1999) |
Range of means (adjusted for social class and region of residence) for the years 1982, 1989 and 1999 |
| Rejnmark et al. (2006) | Prospective cohort, four study centres | DK | Perimenopausal women (43–58 years) | 2,016 | Danish Food composition tables (Moller, 1989) | 4‐day or 7‐day food record | 67 (45–105) | Median (IQR) |
| Thane et al. (2006a) | Nationally representative sample | UK | Adults (19–64 years) | 1,423 | Bolton‐Smith et al. (2000), FSA (2002) and unpublished data (MJ Shearer and C Bolton‐Smith) | 7‐day‐weighed food record | 67 (65–69)b | Geometric mean (95% CI) |
| Nimptsch et al. (2008) | Prospective cohort | DE | Men (40–65 years) | 11,319 | Bolton‐Smith et al. (2000) and unpublished data | Semiquantitative FFQ | 93.6 (70.9–123.5) | Median (IQR) |
| Macdonald et al. (2008) | Prospective cohort | UK | Women (49–54 years) | 3,199 | UK database, compiled by Bolton‐Smith et al. (2000) | FFQ | 109 ± 55c | Mean ± SD |
| Gast et al. (2009) | Prospective cohort | NL | Post‐menopausal women (49–70 years) | 16,057 | Mainly Schurgers and Vermeer (2000), also: Ferland and Sadowski (1992), Suttie (1992), Booth et al. (1993), Booth et al. (1995), Shearer et al. (1996) | FFQ |
211.7 ± 100.3 (9.1 ± 991.1) |
Mean ± SD |
| Apalset et al. (2011) | Prospective cohort | NO | Adults (71–73 years) | 2,582 |
Described in Apalset et al. (2010): (Koivu‐Tikkanen et al., 2000; Schurgers and Vermeer, 2000); Finnish food composition database (National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2009) |
FFQ |
67.0 ± 66.6 (women with no hip fracture) 78.4 ± 61.7 (men with no hip fracture) 57.9 ± 64.3 (women with hip fracture) 65.2 ± 46.1 (men with hip fracture) |
Median (IQR) |
| Bullo et al. (2011) | Prospective cohort | ES | Adults (55–80 years) | 200 | USDA (2009) | Semiquantitative FFQ |
333.6 ± 17.3 (men) 299.8 ± 11.6 (women) |
Mean ± SE |
| DGE (2012) | National survey, Cross‐sectional | DE | Adults (15–80 years) | 6,160 | German food composition database (BLS 3.02) (MRI) | Two 24‐h recalls | 76 | Median |
| Elmadfa et al. (2012) | National survey, cross‐sectional | AT | Children (7–14 years) | 332 (children) | Elmadfa et al. (1994) (using the German food composition database BLS 2.1. (MRI) completed with food composition tables of typical Austrian dishes and nutrient‐enriched foods) | 3‐day dietary record | 59–75 (children) | Range of means depending on sex and age range |
| Adults (18–80 years) |
380 (18–64 years) 176 (65–80 years) |
Jakob and Elmadfa (1996) | Two 24‐h recalls | 89–117 (adults) | Range of means depending on sex and age range | |||
| Vissers et al. (2013) | Prospective cohort | NL | Adults (49 ± 12 years), including the cohort of women investigated by Gast et al. (2009) | 35,476 | Mainly Schurgers and Vermeer (2000), also: Ferland and Sadowski (1992), Suttie (1992), Booth et al. (1993), Booth et al. (1995), Shearer et al. (1996) | FFQ | 199 ± 97.8 | Mean ± SD |
| Ortega Anta et al. (2014)e | Cross‐sectional, nationally representative sample | ES | Mostly adults (17–60 years) | 1,068 | Spanish database: Ortega et al. (2010) | 3‐day food record | 174.2 (males), 166.4 (females) 170.2 (all) | Mean (adjusted for energy intake) |
| Weber et al. (2014)f | Prospective cohort | DE | Children (8–12 years) | 268 | German food composition database BLS II.3 (MRI) | Dietary history over 4 weeks | 292.3 | Median |
| Hayes et al. (2016) | National survey, cross‐sectional | IE | Adults (18–90 years) | 1,500 | Mainly UK food composition table (FSA, 2002), which vitamin K data are largely based on Bolton‐Smith et al. (2000), and data from the previous version of the UK table; also recipe calculations, and USDA (2015) | 4‐day semiweighted food diary |
85.2 ± 59.1 (all) 86.0 ± 57.4 (men) 84.4 ± 60.7 (women) |
Mean ± SD |
| Menaquinones | ||||||||
| Schurgers et al. (1999) | Prospective cohort | NL | Adults (≥ 55 years) | 5,435 | Unpublished data | FFQ |
Total menaquinones (MK‐4 to MK‐10) 28.4 (all) MK‐4 6.8 ± 0.04 (all) 7.5 ± 0.1 (men) 6.3 ± 0.1 (women) MK‐5 to MK‐10 21.6 ± 0.2 (all) 22.9 ± 0.3 (men) 20.6 ± 0.3 (women) |
Mean Mean ± SE Mean ± SE |
| Geleijnse et al. (2004) | Prospective cohort | NL | Adults (≥ 55 years) | 4,807 | Data from the laboratory analysed following Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) and Gijsbers et al. (1996) | FFQ |
Total menaquinones (MK‐4 to MK‐10) 30.8 ± 18 (men) 27 ± 15.1(women) MK‐4 7.7 ± 3.4 (men) 6.3 ± 2.8 (women)MK‐5 to MK‐10 23.1 ± 16.3 (men) 20.7 ± 13.8 (women) |
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD |
| Nimptsch et al. (2008) | Prospective cohort | DE | Men (40–65 years) | 11,319 | Hirauchi et al. (1989), Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) | FFQ |
Total menaquinones (MK‐4 to MK‐14) 34.7 (25.7–45.7) MK‐4 14.4 (10.9–18.7) MK‐5 0.3 (0.2–0.5) MK‐6 0.3 (0.2–0.5) MK‐7 0.8 (0.5–1.1) MK‐8 4.6 (3.1–6.7) MK‐9 11.9 (7.4–18.4) MK‐10 0.06 (0.01–0.13) MK‐11 0.12 (0.03–0.27) MK‐12 0.20 (0.04–0.42) MK‐13 0.40 (0.08–0.85) MK‐14 0.02 (0.00–0.05) |
Median (IQR) |
| Gast et al. (2009) | Prospective cohort | NL | Post‐menopausal women (49–70 years) | 16,057 | Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) | FFQ |
Total menaquinones (MK‐4 to MK‐9) 29.1 ± 12.8 (0.9–128) MK‐4 7.1 ± 2.1 (0.5–28.2) MK‐5 0.3 ± 0.2 (0–2.1) MK‐6 0.3 ± 0.2 (0–1.5) MK‐7 0.3 ± 0.2 (0–2.2) MK‐8 6.0 ± 3.4 (0–32.8) MK‐9 14.7 ± 8.1 (0–81.9) |
Mean ± SD (range) |
| Apalset et al. (2011) | Prospective cohort | NO | Adults (71–73 years) | 2,582 | Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) | FFQ |
Total menaquinonesg 10.8 ± 7.4 (women) 11.9 ± 7.6 (men) 10.2 ± 7.2 (women with hip fracture) 12.6 ± 8.6 (men with hip fracture) |
Median (IQR) |
| Vissers et al. (2013) | Prospective cohort | NL | Adults (49 ± 12 years) including the cohort of women investigated by Gast et al. (2009) | 35,476 | Schurgers and Vermeer (2000) | FFQ |
Total menaquinones (MK‐4 to MK‐10) 30.7 ± 13.8 |
Mean ± SD |
AT: Austria; BLS: Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel; CI: confidence interval; DE: Germany; DK: Denmark; ES: Spain; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IE: Ireland; IQR: interquartile range; MK: menaquinone; MRI: Max Rubner Institut; NL: the Netherlands; NO: Norway; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; USDA: US Department of Agriculture; UK: United Kingdom.
Presented as ‘vitamin K’ in the reference by Jie et al., but assumed to be phylloquinone based on the two references cited as source of composition data.
2000–2001 data.
Intake at visit 2 (1997–2000).
Version of 23.1.2009. Current version available at: https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/en/food-and-content/naringsamnen/livsmedelsdatabasen
Presented as ‘vitamin K’ in the reference, but personal communication from one of the authors confirmed that composition data were on phylloquinone.
Presented as ‘vitamin K’ in the reference, but assumed to be phylloquinone, based on information from Section 3.2.1.
No information of the forms of menaquinones.