Table 4.

Definition of the relevant terminology having an impact on the assessment (welfare outcomes)

	Definition	Source
Terminology
Pain	An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain may be caused by tissue lesions or by mechanical, chemical or thermal stimulation	The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
Distress	An aversive, negative state in which coping and adaptation processes fail to return an organism to physiological and/or psychological homoeostasis	Carstens E, Moberg GP, 2000. Recognizing pain and distress in laboratory animals. ILAR Journal, 41, 62–71. Moberg GP, 1987. Problems in defining stress and distress in animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191, 1207–1211. NRC (National Research Council), 1992. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Suffering	An unpleasant or aversive experience associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm against the physiological or psychological integrity of an individual	Animal pain: Identifying, understanding and minimising pain in farm animals, INRA, 2009
Loss of Consciousness	Unconsciousness is a state of unawareness (loss of consciousness) in which there is temporary or permanent damage to brain function and the individual is unable to perceive external stimuli (which is referred to as insensibility) and control its voluntary mobility and, therefore, respond to normal stimuli, including pain (EFSA, 2004)	EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2013. Scientific Opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for poultry. EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3521, 65 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3521
Loss of sensibility	See definition of unconsciousness: ‘inability to perceive external stimuli’ – ‘According to the Regulation 1099/2009, the sensibility of an animal is essentially its ability to feel pain. In general, an animal can be presumed to be insensible when it does not show any reflexes or reactions to stimuli such as sound, odour, light or physical contact’ In this specific context of a methodology for stunning and killing animals, there is no reason to distinguish between loss of sensibility and loss of consciousness	EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), 2013. Scientific Opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for poultry. EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3521, 65 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3521 Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing
Death	A physiological state of an animal, where respiration and blood circulation have ceased as the respiratory and circulatory centres in the Medulla Oblongata are irreversibly inactive. Due to the permanent absence of nutrients and oxygen in the brain, consciousness is irreversibly lost. In the context of application of stunning and stun/kill methods, the main clinical signs seen are the absence of respiration (and no gagging), absence of pulse and absence of corneal and palpebral reflex and presence of pupillary dilatation	Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals. EFSA Journal 2004; 45, 1–29.