Table 7.

Summary of published study results on occurrence of DON, 3‐Ac‐DON, 15‐Ac‐DON and DON‐3‐glucoside in grain‐based food products

Country	Type of samples	Number of samples	Maximum (μg/kg) DON	Maximum (μg/kg) DON‐3‐glucoside	Maximum (μg/kg) 3‐Ac‐DON	Maximum (μg/kg) 15‐Ac‐DON	Observations and remarks	Reference
Austria, UK	Cereal‐based foods	62	254 248	n.d.	n.d.	n.r.	Maximum DON values given for Austria (bran flakes) and UK (crackers), respectively	Vendl et al. (2010)
Belgium	Cereal‐based foods	174	718	425	431	194	Maximum values for DON, 3‐Ac‐DON and 15‐Ac‐DON: corn flakes Maximum value for DON‐3‐glucoside: fibre‐enriched bread	De Boevre et al. (2012)
Belgium	Bread and breakfast cereals	45	316	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	Data reported as means of positive samples instead of maximum values; mean value for DON: bread	Vanheule et al. (2014)
Poland	Malt syrup	1	n.d.	n.d.	n.r.	n.r.		Desmarchelier and Seefelder (2011)
Italy	Grain‐based cereals	182	83	n.r.	5	n.r.	Maximum values in wheat‐based cereals	Rodríguez‐Carrasco et al. (2014b)
Czech Republic	Cereal‐based products	116	594	94	n.r	n.r.	Maximum value DON: flour Maximum value DON‐3‐glucoside: snacks	Malachova et al. (2011)
Czech Republic	malt, beer, commercially baked goods	36	139 62 431	186 82 33	n.r.	n.r.	Maximum values given for malt, beer and baked goods respectively	Zachariasova et al. (2012)
Germany	Beer	9	28	63	n.r.	n.r.		Habler et al. (2016)
Germany	Barley malt from 2012, 2013, 2014	30	10,300	19,000	436	287	Maximum values were all from 2012	Habler and Rychlik (2016)
Produced in 38 countries, purchased in Central Europe	Beer	374	89	81	n.d.	n.r.		Varga et al. (2013)
Austria	Beer	60	30	32	n.d.	n.r.		Malachova et al. (2012)
25 European countries	Beer	106	19	n.r.	n.d.	n.d.		Bertuzzi et al. (2011)

n.r.: not reported; n.d.: not detected.