Table 53.
Summary of literature reports of urinary DON/DON‐glucuronides/DOM‐1 biomarker data using the single biomarker method (DON expressed as ng DON/mL urine or ng DON/mg creatinine) (ordered by publishing year)
| Population | Number of subjects (F/M) | Age (year) | Positive samples (%) | Total DON Mean (range) ± standard deviation (ng/mL) | Total DON Mean (range) ± standard deviation (ng/mg) | Analytical method (LOD/LOQ, ng/mL) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK | 202 (128/74) | 3–> 65 | DON: 93 | 31.4, median: 19.3 | DON (0.12/0.25) | Brera et al. (2015) | |
| DOM‐1: 0 | DOM‐1 (0.25/0.5) | ||||||
| Italy | 203 (122/81) | DON: 76 | 9.12, median: 6.54 | DON (0.25/0.5) | |||
| DOM‐1: 1.5 | DOM‐1 (0.25/0.5) | ||||||
| Norway | 230 (138/92) | DON: 97 | 8.29, median: 6.12 | DON (0.005/0.015) | |||
| DOM‐1: 12 | DOM‐1 (0.09/0.27) | ||||||
| UK | 15 (7/8) | 22–50 | DON: 100 (Year 1) | 7.1 ± 8.0 | DON (n.r./0.1) | Gratz et al. (2014) | |
| DON: 100 (Year 2) | 13.5 ± 12.0 | ||||||
| Sweden | 326 (n.r.) | 18–80 | DON: 90 | Median: 2.9 (< LOD–65.8) | DON (0.25/0.5) | Wallin et al. (2013) | |
| UK | 5 (3/2) | n.r. | DON: 100 | 3.62 (0.38–10.05) | DON (0.1/n.r.) | Gratz et al. (2013) | |
| UK | 85 (85/0) | 16–44 | DON: 100 | 10.3 (0.5–116.7)a | DON (0.25/0.5) | Hepworth et al. (2012) | |
| DOM‐1: 0 | DOM‐1 (LOQ = 0.06) | ||||||
| UK(b) | 34 (16/18) | Adults | DON: 100 | 17.8 (5–78.2), median: 3.8 | DON (0.25/0.5) | Turner et al. (2011a) | |
| DOM‐1: 0.3 | 0.65 (one sample) | DOM‐1 (LOQ = 0.06) | |||||
| UK | 35 (18/18) | 21–59 | DON: 94 | 11.6 (< LOD–78.2) | 10.1 (< LOD–70.7)a | DON (0.5/n.r.) | Turner et al. (2010a) |
| France | 76 (0/76) | 23–74 | DON: 99 | Median: 6.8 (0.5–28.8) | DON (0.5/n.r.) | Turner et al. (2010b) | |
| DOM‐1: 34 | 0.2 (0.2–2.8) (positive samples) | DOM‐1(LOD = 0.05) | |||||
| UK | 300 (158/142) | 19–64 | DON: 99 | 7.2 (6.2–8.2)a (L)9.2 (8.1–10.5)a (M)10.9 (9.5–12.4)a (H) | DON (0.1/0.6) | Turner et al. (2008a) | |
| UK | 25 (16/9) | 21–59 | DON: 100 | 10.7 (2.4–67.8)a | 7.2 (4.9–10.5)a | DON (n.r./0.6) | Turner et al. (2008b) |
n.r.: not reported; F: female; M: male; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; L: low dietary exposure; M: medium dietary exposure; H: high dietary exposure.
All urine samples were treated with enzymatic hydrolysis followed by IAC extraction prior to determination by HPLC‐MS.
a
geometric mean (95% CI); (b): all are selected positive samples from another study.