Table B.3.
Published data on the occurrence of DON, 3‐Ac‐DON, 15‐Ac‐DON and DON‐3‐glucoside in feed materials since 2004
| Country | Year | Product | Toxin | No. of samples | LOD μg/kg | LOQ μg/kg | Number of positive samplesa | Median of positive samplesa (μg/kg) | Mean of positive samples(b) (μg/kg) | Maximum (μg/kg) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | 2002–2004 | Maize silage | DON | 140 | n.r. | 250 | 101 | n.r. | 854 | 3,142 | Driehuis et al. (2008b) |
| Wheat silage | DON | 30 | n.r. | 3 | n.r. | 621 | 1,165 | ||||
| 2005 | Silagec | DON | 47 | n.r. | 125 | 25 | n.r. | 550 | 1,250 | Driehuis et al. (2008a) | |
| Compound feed | DON | 72 | n.r. | 125 | 39 | n.r. | 433 | 2,408 | |||
| Ensiled by‐products d | DON | 29 | n.r. | 125 | 0 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | |||
| Feed commodities e | DON | 8 | n.r. | 125 | 3 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | |||
| Forage productsf | DON | 13 | n.r. | 125 | 2 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | |||
| Italy | n.r. | Maizeg | DON | 35 | n.r. | n.r. | 13 | 810 | 1,000 | 1,900 | Cortinovis et al. (2012) |
| Barleyg | DON | 15 | n.r. | n.r. | 11 | 650 | 600 | 900 | |||
| Oatsg | DON | 12 | n.r. | n.r. | 1 | n.r. | 400 | 400 | |||
| Rice brang | DON | 10 | n.r. | n.r. | 3 | n.r. | 800 | 1,200 | |||
| Germany | 2007–2008 | Muesli and mash‐type horse feedh | DON | 62 | 10 | n.r. | 62 | n.r. | 410 | 4,900 | Liesener et al. (2010) |
| Portugal | n.r. | Compound feeds for pigs | DON | 277 | 100 | n.r. | 47 | n.r. | 223 | 864 | Almeida et al. (2011) |
| Austria | 2007 | Dry dog food | DON | 76 | 10 | n.r. | 63 | n.r. | n.r. | 1,390 | Böhm et al. (2010) |
| EUi | 2008 | Wheat | DON | 8 | n.r. | n.r. | 6 | 1,898 | 2,657 | 8,841 | Monbaliu et al. (2010) |
| Wheat | 3‐Ac‐DON | 8 | n.r. | n.r. | 3 | 18.0 | 33.3 | 67 | |||
| Wheat | 15‐Ac‐DON | 8 | n.r. | n.r. | 5 | 23.0 | 38.2 | 100 | |||
| Maize | DON | 42 | n.r. | n.r. | 35 | 520 | 891 | 9,528 | |||
| Maize | 3‐Ac‐DON | 42 | n.r. | n.r. | 31 | 21.0 | 36.5 | 339 | |||
| Maize | 15‐Ac‐DON | 42 | n.r. | n.r. | 26 | 79.5. | 134 | 1,047 | |||
| Switzerland | 2005–2007 | Maize grain | DON | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Dorn et al. (2011) |
| Maize plant (minus grain) | DON | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | |||
| n.r. | Maize silage | DON | 20 | n.r. | n.r. | 19 | n.r. | 1,356 | 2,990 | Eckard et al. (2011) | |
| Maize silage | Sum of 3‐Ac‐ and 15‐Ac‐DON | 19 | n.r. | n.r. | 2 | n.r. | 217 | 300 | |||
| Lithuania | 2007 | Winter rapeseed | DON | 8 | n.r. | n.r. | 8 | n.r. | 165 | 176 | Mankeviciene et al. (2011) |
| Spring rapeseed | DON | 8 | n.r. | n.r. | 8 | n.r. | 133 | 181 | |||
| Linseed | DON | 6 | n.r. | n.r. | 6 | n.r. | 155 | 163 | |||
| 2008 | Winter rapeseed | DON | 25 | n.r. | n.r. | 21 | n.r. | 209 | 278 | ||
| Spring rapeseed | DON | 11 | n.r. | n.r. | 2 | n.r. | <LOD | 226 | |||
| Linseed | DON | 19 | n.r. | n.r. | 19 | n.r. | 210 | 226 | |||
| 2009 | Linseed | DON | 10 | n.r. | n.r. | 10 | n.r. | 116 | 124 | ||
| Rapeseed cake | DON | 7 | n.r. | n.r. | 7 | n.r. | 387 | n.r. | |||
| Belgium | 2010–2011 | Poultry feed | DON | 14 | 5–12 | 10–24 | – | – | 197 | 894 | De Boevre et al. (2012) |
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 14 | – | – | 47 | 182 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 14 | – | – | 50 | 190 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 14 | – | – | 30 | 90 | ||||||
| Piglet feed | DON | 8 | 5–12 | 10–24 | – | – | 318 | 892 | |||
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 8 | – | – | 25 | 136 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 8 | – | – | 42 | 86 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 8 | – | – | 43 | 166 | ||||||
| Sow feed | DON | 15 | 5–11 | 10–22 | – | – | 135 | 245 | |||
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 15 | – | – | 11 | 53 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 15 | – | – | 20 | 44 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 15 | – | – | 29 | 96 | ||||||
| Fattening pig feed | DON | 13 | 5–11 | 10–22 | – | – | 291 | 1,250 | |||
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 13 | – | – | 29 | 155 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 13 | – | – | 38 | 144 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 13 | – | – | 121 | 1,304 | ||||||
| Horse feed | DON | 14 | 5–11 | 10–22 | – | – | 200 | 874 | |||
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 14 | – | – | 13 | 87 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 14 | – | – | 44 | 296 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 14 | – | – | 34 | 179 | ||||||
| Dairy cattle and young stock | DON | 3 | 5–11 | 10–22 | – | – | 90 | 151 | |||
| 3‐Ac‐DON | 3 | – | – | 44 | 126 | ||||||
| 15‐Ac‐DON | 3 | – | – | 22 | 57 | ||||||
| DON‐3‐glucoside | 3 | – | – | n.d | n.d. | ||||||
| Croatia | 2011 | Compound feed (fattening pigs) | DON | 30 | 150 | 29 | n.r. | 817 | 1,864 | Pleadin et al. (2012) |
LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; n.r.: not reported; n: number of samples; –: not reported in the paper; DON: deoxynivalenol; Ac: acetyl.
(a) Number of samples with mycotoxin content greater than the limit of quantification or detection.
(c) Mixture of grass and maize silage.
(d) Pressed sugar beet pulp (n = 12), Brewer's spent grains (n = 15) and potato pulp (n = 2).
(e) Rapeseed/soy meal (n = 4), maize gluten meal (n = 2) and cereal grains (n = 2).
(f) Fresh grass (n = 5), dried grass (n = 2) and grass hay (n = 6).
(g) Feed for horses.
(h) Commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing varying proportions of barley, wheat, oats and maize.
(i) Various Member States (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Spain and Portugal). Only data for co‐contaminated samples reported.