Table 1.
C. fetus prevalence world‐wide
| Country | Samples | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | Aborted bovine fetuses | 26 of 354 tested fetuses (7%) were C. fetus positive | Campero et al. (2003) |
| Australia | Aborted bovine fetuses | 11% of 265 tested fetuses were C. fetus positive | Jerrett et al. (1984) |
| Brazil | Preputial washings of bulls | 170 of 327 tested bulls (52.3%) and 17 of 19 tested farms (89.5%) were C. fetus positive | Pellegrin et al. (2002) |
| Brazil (Goiás) | Vaginal mucus samples of cows | 22.4% of 1,685 cows were C. fetus positive | Andrade et al. (1986) |
| USA (California) | Blood samples of cows | 189 of 400 (47%) tested cows were C. fetus positive | Akhtar et al. (1990) |
| USA (California) | Blood samples of dairy cows | 22.2% of 790 tested cows were C. fetus positive | Akhtar et al. (1990) |
| Canada | Preputial washings of bulls | 18 of 529 (3%) bulls tested were C. fetus positive | Devenish et al. (2005) |
| Colombia | Preputial washings of bulls | 103 farms tested, 15% of the farms had C. fetus positive bulls | Griffiths et al. (1984) |
| Egypt | BGC prevalence of 10% in buffalo cows | Mshelia et al. (2010) | |
| India (Calcutta) | Fecal samples from cattle | No C. fetus found in 120 samples | Chattopadhay et al. (2001) |
| India (West Bengal) | Estimated BGC prevalence of 6% in cattle | Mshelia et al. (2010) | |
| Japan | Fecal samples from cattle | 26.5% of 94 tested samples were Cff positive. ‘A few’ samples were Cfv positive | Giacoboni et al. (1993) |
| Japan | Fecal samples from healthy cattle | 13 of 338 (4%) samples were C. fetus positive | Ishihara et al. (2004) |
| New Zealand | Vaginal mucus samples from cows and preputial washings from bulls |
1.230 mucus samples from 125 beef cow herds were tested, 70% of herds had > 1 C. fetus positive CVM sample All 54 preputial washings from 9 herds were C. fetus negative |
McFadden et al. (2005) |
| Nigeria | Vaginal mucus samples from cows and preputial washings from bulls |
15 of 585 (3%) tested bulls were C. fetus positive 5 of 104 (5%) tested cows were C. fetus positive |
Bawa et al. (1991) |
| Nigeria | Vaginal mucus samples from cows and preputial washings from bulls |
3.7% of vaginal mucus samples of cows were C. fetus positive 11% of preputial washings of bulls were C. fetus positive |
Mshelia et al. (2010) |
| Nigeria | Vaginal mucus samples from cows and preputial washings from bulls |
Total; 270 bovine samples tested, consisting of 170 preputial washings from bulls and 100 vaginal mucus samples of cows. Of these 270 samples, 2.2% were Cfv positive and 1.5% were Cff positive |
Mshelia et al. (2012) |
| North America | Fecal samples from dairy cows cattle | 5% of 720 cows were Campylobacter spp. positive | Harvey et al. (2004) |
| Malawi | Vaginal mucus samples from cows and preputial washings from bulls |
1 bull was tested positive for vibriosis Vaginal mucus samples gave no clear result |
Klastrup and Halliwell (1977) |
| Scotland | Preputial washings of bulls | 0% of 109 tested bulls were C. fetus positive | McGowan and Murray (1999) |
| South Africa (Republic of Transkei) | Preputial washings of bulls | 10 of 14 (71%) tested sites were C. fetus positive | Pefanis et al. (1988) |
| South Africa (Gauteng province) | Preputial washings of bulls | 2.1% of 143 tested bulls were C. fetus positive | Njiro et al. (2011) |
| Tanzania | Preputial washings of bulls | 3 of 58 (5.1%) tested bulls were Cfv positive | Swai et al. (2005) |
| Turkey | Preputial washings of bulls and aborted bovine fetuses | Cfv is isolated from both bulls and aborted fetuses | Mshelia et al. (2010) |
| United Kingdom | Aborted bovine fetuses | 28 of 161 (17%) tested samples were C. fetus positive | Devenish et al. (2005) |
| Zimbabwe | Aborted bovine fetuses |
9.5% of 21 tested fetuses were C. fetus positive Estimated; BGC prevalence is 33% in cows in Zimbabwe |
Mshelia et al. (2010) |
Cff: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus; Cfv: Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis.