Table 3. Univariable analysis of factors associated with prediabetes and diabetes status (N = 168).
| Characteristics | RRR (95% Confidence Interval) a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | P value | Prediabetes | P value | |
| Number (%) | 33 (19.64) | 17 (10.12) | ||
| Age (n = 168) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.014 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.181 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.57 (0.73, 3.43) | 0.250 | 0.92 (0.33, 2.58) | 0.874 |
| Race | ||||
| Non-malay | 1 | 1 | ||
| Malay | 0.98 (0.19, 4.94) | 0.978 | 1.01 (0.12, 8.75) | 0.994 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 3.42 (0.43, 27.42) | 0.247 | 0.59 (0.15, 2.36) | 0.459 |
| Divorced/Widowed | 9.10 (0.96, 86.48) | 0.055 | 0.43 (0.04, 4.82) | 0.496 |
| Highest education | ||||
| Informal/Primary | 1 | 1 | ||
| Secondary | 1.00 (0.43, 2.34) | >0.950 | 1.00 (0.33, 3.07) | >0.950 |
| Tertiary | 0.26 (0.07, 1.00) | 0.210 | 0.34 (0.06, 1.83) | 0.210 |
| Working status | ||||
| Working | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not working | 1.42 (0.66, 3.09) | 0.373 | 0.83 (0.30, 2.33) | 0.723 |
| Monthly income (n = 119) | 0.9996 (0.9993, 1.0000) | 0.071 | 0.9999 (0.9995, 1.0003) | 0.554 |
| Family history of comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 3.83 (1.60, 9.19) | 0.003 | 1.38 (0.50, 3.82) | 0.536 |
| Kidney | * | 0.989 | * | 0.992 |
| Smoking | 0.99 (0.46, 2.15) | 0.985 | 0.51 (0.18, 1.47) | 0.212 |
| Eye disease | 1.23 (0.41, 3.67) | 0.715 | 2.86 (0.88, 9.27) | 0.080 |
| Cancer | 1.11 (0.34, 3.67) | 0.860 | * | 0.984 |
| Heart disease | 2.31 (0.97, 5.48) | 0.058 | 0.99 (0.26, 3.75) | 0.988 |
| Nerve disease | 1.38 (0.34, 5.50) | 0.652 | * | 0.988 |
| Pulmonary disease | 0.58 (0.07, 5.02) | 0.624 | * | 0.994 |
| Hypertension | 1.53 (0.69, 3.39) | 0.297 | 0.48 (0.17, 1.37) | 0.169 |
| Joint disease | 0.68 (0.21, 2.14) | 0.505 | 1.51 (0.45, 5.10) | 0.509 |
| Patients comorbidities | ||||
| Kidney | * | 0.999 | * | 0.999 |
| Eye disease | 1.58 (0.59, 4.22) | 0.358 | 1.81 (0.53, 6.21) | 0.346 |
| Cancer | * | 0.990 | * | 0.993 |
| Heart disease | 3.83 (0.74, 19.94) | 0.111 | * | 0.988 |
| Nerve disease | 5.80 (0.93, 36.29) | 0.060 | 3.63 (0.31, 42.29) | 0.304 |
| Pulmonary disease | * | 0.990 | * | 0.993 |
| Hypertension | 13.66 (5.54, 33.71) | <0.001 | 2.48 (0.77, 7.92) | 0.127 |
| Joint disease | 0.74 (0.23, 2.37) | 0.617 | 1.60 (0.47, 5.45) | 0.450 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 2.97 (1.07, 8.21) | 0.036 | 3.48 (0.98, 12.35) | 0.053 |
| Current smoker | 0.48 (0.17, 1.38) | 0.173 | 0.61 (0.15, 2.37) | 0.471 |
| Smoking activities | ||||
| Smoking duration (n = 59) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.845 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.769 |
| Cigarettes per day (n = 60) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.500 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.263 |
| Pack year smoking (n = 59) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.969 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.962 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Body Mass Index | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.022 | 1.10 (0.998, 1.21) | 0.056 |
| Waist circumference (inches) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.28) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26) | 0.024 |
| Hip circumference (inches) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 0.180 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 0.112 |
| Abdominal obesity | 16.59 (3.80, 72.49) | <0.001 | 2.57 (0.85, 7.75) | 0.094 |
| Body fat percentage | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.005 | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.299 |
| IPAQ | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 0.56 (0.22, 1.45) | 0.230 | 0.73 (0.21, 2.47) | 0.608 |
| High | 0.46 (0.18, 1.17) | 0.102 | 0.49 (0.14, 1.75) | 0.276 |
| PSS | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.199 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.434 |
| Diet | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 0.877 | 1.10 (0.84, 1.45) | 0.505 |
| Self-perceived risky behaviors | ||||
| Poor physical activity | 1.76 (0.80, 3.84) | 0.158 | 0.59 (0.19, 1.80) | 0.352 |
| Poor Diet | 2.68 (1.12, 6.43) | 0.027 | 3.71 (1.01, 13.72) | 0.049 |
aRRR: Relative risk ratio.