Table 1.

Reference Data for DXA Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD), and Bone Mineral Apparent Density (BMAD) in Pediatric Populations

Reference	Country	Study population	Platform	ROI	Study description
Forearm
Arabi et al, (2004)	Lebanon	n = 363 (179 F)  age: 10–17 yr	Hologic	33% radius, left arm	Mean (SD) aBMD for males and females by age (1 yr increment) and pubertal stage
Wu et al, (2005)	China	n = 3919 (3919 F)  age: 5–85 yr	Hologic	33% radius + ulna, nondominant arm  Ultradistal radius + ulna, nondominant arm	Reference curves for aBMD for females age 5–85 yr
Tang et al, (2007)	China	n = 445 (445 F)  age: 6–18 yr	Hologic	33% radius + ulna, left arm  Ultradistal radius + ulna, left arm	Mean (SD) aBMC and aBMD for females by age (1 yr increment) and pubertal stage
Zemel et al, (2011)	USA	n = 2014 (1022 F)  age: 5–23 yr	Hologic	33% radius, nondominant arm	Percentile distributions for aBMD and BMC relative to age (5–20 yr), sex, race (black or nonblack) Allows for generation of aBMC and aBMD Z-scores using the LMS method Provides equations to adjust BMC and aBMD Z-scores for height Z-scores
Proximal Femur
Zanchetta, et al, (1995)	Argentina	n = 778 (433 F)  age: 2–20 yr	Norland	Femoral neck  Trochanter	Mean (SD) aBMD by age (1 yr increments) for males and females
Faulkner, et al, (1996)	Canada	n = 892 (467 F)  age: 8–17 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck  Trochanter  Intertrochanter	Mean (SD) aBMD and BMC by age (1 yr increments) for males and females
Bachrach, et al, (1999)	USA	n = 423 (230 F)  age: 9–26 yr	Hologic  (Pencil Beam)	Total hip  Femoral neck	Mean (SD) aBMD and BMAD (Femoral neck) for males and females in 3 yr increments from 9-26 yr
Xiaoge, et al, (2000)	China	n = 1488 F  age: 15–95 yr  (69 between 15-20 yr)	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck  Trochanter  Intertrochanter  Wards triangle	Data for Z-score generation not provided in manuscript
Liao, et al, (2003)	China	n = 2702 F  age: 5–96 yr  (205 between 5-19 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck  Trochanter  Intertrochanter  Wards triangle	Reference curves provided
Cromer, et al, (2004)	USA	n = 422 F  age: 12–18	Hologic	Femoral neck	Reference percentiles for aBMD and BMAD relative to age (above or below 15 yr), race (black or nonblack), and weight (above or below 75 kg)
Lynn, et al, (2005)	Hong Kong	n = 4274 (2415 F)  age: 9–94 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck  Trochanter	Predicted mean (SD) aBMD by age (10 yr increments) for males and females Reference curves provided
Kalkwarf, et al, (2007)	USA	n = 2014 (1022 girls)  age: 5–20 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck	Percentile distributions for aBMD and BMC relative to age (5–20 yr), sex, race (black or nonblack) Allows for generation of aBMC and aBMD Z-scores using the LMS method
Ward, et al, (2007)	UK	n = 442 (203 F)  age: 6–17 yr	Hologic	Femoral neck	Reference curves for femoral neck BMAD
Webber, et al, (2007)	Canada	n = 179 (91 F)  age: 3–18 yr	Hologic	Total hip	Equations for calculation of aBMD Z-scores
Wu, et al, (2008)	China	n = 2433 M  age:15–85 yr  (123 between 15–19 yr)	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck  Trochanter  Intertrochanter  Wards triangle	Mean (SD) aBMD by age (5-yr increments) for males
Tamayo, et al, (2009)	Mexico	n = 1051 (565 F)  age: 7–18 yr	GE Lunar	Total hip	Reference curve for total hip aBMD Z-score distributions relative to age and sex
Baxter Jones, et al, (2010)	Canada, USA	n = 1875 (1061 F) Asian, Hispanic, Black and Caucasian  age: 8–25 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck	Prediction equations for calculation of Z-scores
Khadilkar, et al, (2011)	India	n = 920 (440 F)  age: 5–17 yr	GE Lunar	Femoral neck	Mean (SD) for aBMD by age (1 yr increments) and pubertal stage for males and females
Zemel et al, (2011)	USA	n = 2014 (1022 F)  age: 5–23 yr	Hologic	Total hip  Femoral neck	Percentile distributions for aBMD and BMC relative to age (5–20 yr), sex, race (black or nonblack) Allows for generation of aBMC and aBMD Z-scores using the LMS method Provides equation to adjust BMC and aBMD Z-scores for height Z-scores
Gallo, et al, (2012)	Canada	n = 59 (26 F)  age: birth to 1 yr	Hologic	Femur	Mean (SD) for femur BMC at birth, 6 mo, and 12 mo of age for males and females
Jeddi, et al, (2013)	Iran	n = 476 (235 F)  age: 9–18 yr	Hologic	Femoral neck	Rerence curves for Femoral Neck BMC, aBMD, BMAD
Kang, et al, (2016)	Korea	n = 1974 (1000 F)  age: 10–25 yr	Hologic	Total femur  Femoral neck	Allows for generation of aBMC and aBMD Z-scores relative to age and sex for children/young adults age 10–25 yr using the LMS method
Lateral Distal Femur
Henderson, (2002)	USA	n = 256  age: 3–18 yr	Hologic  (Pencil Beam)	R1, R2, R3 ROIs	Prediction equations for R1, R2, R3 aBMD by sex
Zemel, (2009)	USA	n = 821  age: 6–18 yr	Hologic	R1, R2, R3 ROIs	Percentile distributions for R1, R2, R3 aBMD relative to age (5–18 yr), sex, race (black or nonblack)

F, female; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation.