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. 2020 Feb 4;11:24. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00024

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Copyright © 2020 Li, Liu, Sun, Wang, Wang and Sun

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Schematic illustration of CC‐UCNP preparation and application. (B) TEM images of (a) UCNPs and (b) CC‐UCNPs. (C) Quantitative analysis of various nanoparticle uptakes at various times. (D) Flow cytometry analysis of MDA‐MB‐435 cells after incubation with various Cy5‐labeled nanoparticles. (E) In vivo upconversion luminescence (UCL) images of MDA‐MB‐435-bearing mice 24 h after intravenous injection of various nano-formulations (tumor sites are indicated by red circles). (F) Ex vivo UCL images of tumors 24 h after injection. Reproduced with permission from (Rao et al., 2016a).