FIGURE 3.

Mutations that alter zinc coordinating residues in RING domains. Wheel diagram showing the reported mutations in RING domains, classified first whether a unique (single) or various (multiple) residues were mutated simultaneously. Most of the inactive E3 enzymes have been obtained by mutating key residues into alanine (yellow). Lack of activity can also be acquired by mutations into serine (orange). Mutations into other residues have been also employed (white). Zinc coordinating residues of the first (pink) and the second (light pink) RING domains in RBR-type E3 ubiquitin ligases (pink) have also be modified in order to achieve inactivation. References to all the mutations shown in this figure are provided in Supplementary Table S1.