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. 2019 Nov 15;34(12):1131–1142. doi: 10.1007/s10654-019-00580-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Trends in years of life lost between the ages of 35 and 80 years, by country, gender and level of education. Notes Years of life lost calculated as partial life expectancy (between the ages of 35 and 80 years) minus 45 years. Dashed lines: Eastern European countries; dotted lines: Northern European countries. Scale for men and women different

Fig. 1 — Trends in years of life lost between the ages of 35 and 80 years, by country, gender and level of education. Notes Years of life lost calculated as partial life expectancy (between the ages of 35 and 80 years) minus 45 years. Dashed lines: Eastern European countries; dotted lines: Northern European countries. Scale for men and women different