Table 2.

Results of regression analyses

	Effect of time on determinant in whole population		Main effect of determinant on mortality		Interaction effect between determinant and low education on mortality		Effect of trend in determinant on mortality inequalites
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
National income	0.043***	0.043***	− 338***	− 78 (n.s.)	− 69.4 (n.s.)	15.0 (n.s.)	None	None
Income inequality	0.158***	0.158***	16.7***	0.6 (n.s.)	37.2***	18.5***	Widening	Widening
Level of democracy	0.105***	0.105***	1.1 (n.s.)	− 23.7***	90.8***	74.3***	Widening	Widening
Health expenditure	0.124***	0.124***	− 29.2 (n.s.)	− 8.9 (n.s.)	− 168***	− 53***	Narrowing	Narrowing
Control variables	c, e	c, e	c, p, e, g	c, p, e, g	c, p, e, g	c, p, e, g

	Effect of time on determinant in whole population		Interaction effect between time and low education determinant		Effect of determinant on mortality		Effect of trend in  determinant on mortality inequalities
	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women
Smoking	− 0.004***	0.000 (n.s.)	0.005***	0.007***	1274***	361***	Widening	Widening
Material deprivation	− 0.002 (n.s.)	− 0.001 (n.s.)	0.001 (n.s.)	0.001 (n.s.)	1134***	265***	None	None
Control variables	c, e	c, e	c, e, y	c, e, y	c, e, y	c, e, y

Control variables: c = country, p = period, e = education, g = GDP, y = year. In bold: statistically significant (p < 0.05). ***p ≤ 0.001. n.s. = not statistically significant (p > 0.05). More extensive results in Web appendix Table A5