Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls.
| Cases (n=235) | Controls (n=235) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (s.d.) | 25.2 (4.8) | 29.7 (6.8) | 4.5 (3.4, 5.6) | — | <0.001 | |
| Ethnic origin | Punjabi | 222 (94.4%) | 233 (99.1%) | — | Ref | |
| Others | 13 (5.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | — | 6.82 (1.52, 30.57) | 0.01 | |
| Marital status | Married | 121 (51.5%) | 120 (51.1%) | — | Ref | |
| Single | 114 (48.5%) | 115 (48.9%) | — | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 0.93 | |
| Monthly household income, Pakistani Rupees | <25,000 | 49 (16.6%) | 68 (28.9%) | — | Ref | |
| 25,000-100,000 | 175 (74.5%) | 154 (65.5%) | — | 1.57 (1.03, 2.41) | 0.04 | |
| >100,000 | 11 (4.7%) | 13 (5.5%) | — | 1.18 (0.49, 2.84) | 0.72 | |
| Occupation | Student | 96 (40.8%) | 54 (22.9%) | — | Ref | |
| Unemployed | 108 (45.9%) | 112 (47.6%) | — | 0.54 (0.35,0.83) | 0.005 | |
| Employed | 31 (13.2%) | 69 (29.4%) | — | 0.25 (0.14, 0.43) | <0.001 | |
| Education | Illiterate | 40 (17%) | 34 (14.4%) | — | Ref | |
| Intermediate | 80 (34%) | 89 (37.9%) | — | 0.76 (0.44, 1.32) | 0.34 | |
| Graduate | 115 (48.9%) | 112 (47.6%) | — | 0.87 (0.51, 1.47) | 0.61 | |
| Acne | Yes | 143 (68.8%) | 2 (0.01%) | — | ||
| No | 92 (39.1%) | 233 (99.1%) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Hairloss | Yes | 177 (75.3%) | 28 (11.9%) | — | ||
| No | 58 (24.6%) | 207 (88.1%) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Hirsutism | Yes | 193 (82.1%) | 0 (0%) | — | ||
| No | 42 (17.9%) | 235 (100%) | 1 | <0.001 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | Abnormala | 210 (89.4%) | 0 (0%) | — | ||
| Normal | 25 (10.6%) | 235 (100%) | - | 1 | <0.001 | |
| Abnormal pelvic ultrasound | Positive | 168 (71.5%) | 0 (0%) | — | — | — |
| negative | 67 (28.5%) | 235 (100%) | — | 1 | <0.001 | |
| Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (s.d.) | 26.7 (5.2) | 24.2 (4.3) | −2.4 (−3.3, −1.6) | — | <0.001 | |
| Mean waist-to-hip ratio percentage(s.d.) | 80.6 (5.8) | 82.7 (3.3) | 2.2 (1.3,3.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Mean fasting glucose, mg/dL (s.d.) | 103.2 (21.3) | 86.1 (7.7) | −17.5 (−20.3, −14.8) | — | <0.001 | |
| Mean luteinizing hormone concentration (LH), IU/L (s.d.) | 10.9 (8.0) | 5.9 (3.0) | −5.0 (−6.1,-3.9) | — | <0.001 | |
| Mean follicle-stimulating hormone concentration (FSH), IU/L (s.d.) | 5.5 (2.9) | 5.4 (2.0) | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.4) | — | 0.75 | |
| Mean LH/FSH ratio (s.d) | 3.1 (5.0) | 1.2 (1.0) | −1.9 (−2.5, −1.2) | — | <0.001 | |
| Mean serum 25(OH)D, ng/ml (s.d.) | 17.4 (16.2) | 21.7 (7.9) | 4.3 (1.9, 6.6) | — | <0.001 |
a, Abnormal menstrual cycle in Cases: amenorrhea: [28 (11.9%), menorrhagia: 18 (7.6%), oligomenorrhea: 164 (69.7%)].