Table 2.
Determinants of PCOS risk from study questionnaire and physical examination.
| N | Proportion of cases | Proportion of controls | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a | P | |||||
| Age, years | 470 | — | — | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.81, 0.93) | <0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 470 | — | — | 1.12 (1.07, 1.1) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.15, 1.37) | <0.001 | |
| Waist: hip ratio, % | 470 | — | — | 0.91 (0.86, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | <0.001 | |
| Deseasonalized serum 25(OH)D, ng/ml | ≥10 | 381 | 149/235 (63.4%) | 232/235 (98.7%) | — | — | Ref | — |
| <10 | 89 | 86/235 (36.6%) | 3/235 (1.3%) | 44.63 (13.86, 143.72) | <0.001 | 24.8 (6.16, 99.84) | <0.001 | |
| Monthly household income, Pakistani Rupees | <25,000 | 117 | 49/235 (16.6%) | 68/235 (28.9%) | — | — | — | — |
| 25,000-100,000 | 329 | 175/235 (74.5%) | 154/235 (65.5%) | 1.57 (1.03, 2.41) | 0.04 | — | — | |
| >100,000 | 24 | 11/235 (4.7%) | 13/235 (5.5%) | 1.18 (0.49, 2.84) | 0.72 | — | — | |
| Family history of PCOSb | No | 393 | 184/235 (78.3%) | 209/235 (88.9%) | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 77 | 51/235 (21.7%) | 26/235 (11.0%) | 2.23 (1.34, 3.72) | <0.001 | 2.75 (1.12, 6.78) | 0.03 | |
| Outdoor exercise | Yes | 284 | 76/235 (32.3%) | 208/235 (88.5%) | — | — | — | — |
| No | 186 | 159/235 (67.7%) | 27/235 (11.5%) | 16.12 (9.92, 26.18) | <0.001 | 13.47 (6.26, 28.97) | <0.001 | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 470 | — | — | 1.11 (1.09, 1.14) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.09, 1.17) | <0.001 | |
| Sugary / fast food consumption | No | 286 | 129/235 (54.9%) | 157/235 (66.8%) | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 184 | 106/235 (45.1%) | 78/235 (33.2%) | 1.65 (1.14, 2.40) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.56, 2.29) | 0.72 | |
| Chicken consumption | Daily/weekly | 96 | 51/235 (21.7%) | 45/235 (19.1%) | — | — | — | — |
| Less often | 374 | 184/235 (78.3%) | 190/235 (80.9%) | 1.20 (0.75, 1.83) | 0.49 | — | — | |
| Egg consumption | Daily/weekly | 347 | 180/235 (76.6%) | 167/235 (71.1%) | — | — | — | — |
| Less often | 123 | 55/235 (23.4%) | 68/235 (28.9%) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.13) | 0.17 | — | — | |
| Milk consumption | Daily/weekly | 268 | 89/235 (37.9%) | 179/235 (76.2%) | — | — | — | — |
| Less often | 202 | 146/235 (62.1%) | 56/235 (23.8%) | 5.24 (3.51, 7.81) | <0.001 | 1.45 (0.72, 2.92) | 0.29 | |
| Red meat consumption | Daily/weekly | 133 | 61/235 (26.0%) | 72/235 (30.6%) | — | — | — | — |
| Less often | 337 | 174/235 (74.0 %) | 163/235 (69.4 %) | 1.25 (0.84, 1.89) | 0.26 | — | — | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
a, Adjusted for age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, deseasonalized 25(OH)D <10 ng/ml vs ≥10 ng/ml, outdoor exercise, fasting glucose, sugary/fast food consumption and milk consumption.
b, PCOS in at least one first-degree relative.