Table 1.
Biological functions and number of proteins identified in spots significantly differentially expressed in nurse honeybee (Apis mellifera) heads exposed to pyraclostrobin and fipronil individually and pyraclostrobin + fipronil.
| Pyraclostrobin | Fipronil | Pyraclostrobin + Fipronil | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological process/Function | Upregulated | Downregulated | Upregulated | Downregulated | Upregulated | Downregulated |
| Major royal jelly proteins | — | 4 | — | 4 | — | 4 |
| Carbohydrate metabolism and energy synthesis | 2 | 11 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 11 |
| Antioxidant system | — | 12 | — | 16 | — | 18 |
| Biosynthesis processes | — | 5 | — | 7 | — | 7 |
| Amino acid metabolism | — | 4 | — | 5 | — | 5 |
| Transcription/translation | 1 | 4 | — | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Protein binding/folding | 5 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 7 |
| Olfactory system | — | 1 | — | 1 | — | 1 |
| Learning and memory | — | 1 | — | 2 | — | 2 |
| Stress response | 3 | — | 3 | — | 3 | — |
| Other/unknown functions | 5 | 24 | 2 | 23 | 9 | 31 |
| Total | 16 | 75 | 9 | 84 | 21 | 94 |
Proteins spots were identified by ESI-MS/MS, and their sequences were analysed in Blast2GO to separate functional groups. Number of proteins up- and downregulated are presented based on the comparison of bees exposed to individual and combined effects of the fungicide and insecticide at field-relevant doses (850 and 2.5 ppb, respectively) and bees not exposed to pesticides (control).