Table 4.
Multivariable models estimating associations of participant characteristics, ZIP code-level racial/ethnic concentration, and county-level mortgage discrimination with racial/ethnic homophily in sexual partnerships among people who inject drugs (n = 7847) living in 19 US cities in 2012
| Model A: full model, excluding interactions | Model B: full model, including interactions | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Participant Characteristics | ||
| Current age | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) |
| Female | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95)* | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 1.41 (1.19, 1.67)* | 3.93 (1.82, 8.50)* |
| Latino | 0.53 (0.45, 0.62)* | 1.45 (0.75, 2.78) |
| Annual income | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) |
| High school diploma/general equivalency diploma | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97)* | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) |
| Full-time employment | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.02) |
| Incarceration, past 12 months | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.08) |
| Homelessness, past 12 months | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89)* | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94)* |
| Daily injection, past 12 months | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.24) |
| Binge drinking, past 12 months | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) |
| Non-injection drug use, past 12 months | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) |
| Sex exchange, past 12 months | 0.66 (0.59, 0.75)* | 0.65 (0.58, 0.73)* |
| Region | ||
| Northeast (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| South | 1.67 (1.13, 2.46)* | 1.47 (1.13, 1.90)* |
| Midwest | 1.43 (0.81, 2.50) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.60) |
| West | 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.15) |
| Place characteristics | ||
| Zip code (N = 889) | ||
| Concentration of Black vs. White residents | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | |
| Interactions | ||
| White PWID (reference) | 0.63 (0.53, 0.75)* | |
| Black PWID/White PWID | 2.92 (2.36, 3.61)* | |
| Latino PWID/White PWID | 1.63 (1.29, 2.05)* | |
| Concentration of Latino vs. White residents | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | |
| Interactions | ||
| White PWID (reference) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95)* | |
| Black PWID/White PWID | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | |
| Latino PWID/White PWID | 2.01 (1.67, 2.43)* | |
| County (N = 53) | ||
| Mortgage discrimination against Black residents | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | |
| Interactions | ||
| White PWID (reference) | 1.31 ( 1.07, 1.60)* | |
| Black PWID/White PWID | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | |
| Latino PWID/White PWID | 0.62 (0.49, 0.79)* | |
| Mortgage discrimination against Latino residents | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | |
| Interactions | ||
| White PWID (reference) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | |
| Black PWID/White PWID | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | |
| Latino PWID/White PWID | 1.36 (1.10, 1.69)* |