Table 1.

Laboratory parameters before ketogenic diet (KD) and during the 5 years follow-up at the time points of cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Parameter assayed reference range	Before KD	KD 3 months	KD 8 months	KD 5 years
Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L) <0.2 mmol/L	0.22	1.30	0.59	0.4**
Plasma glucose (mmol/L) 4.0–6.0 mmol/L	5.8	5.2	5.3	5.6**
Serum insulin (mU/L) (2–20 mU/L)	4.1	1.6	1.2	3.5**
Plasma creatine kinase (U/L) 40–280 U/L	96	74	160	159
Plasma alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 35–105 U/L	55*	34	34	Not measured
Plasma alanine aminotransferase (U/L) 10–70 U/L	33	36	25	27
Plasma glutamyltransferase (U/L) 15–115 U/L	41*	18	24	18**
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L) <2.0 mmol/L	2.39	0.64	0.59	0.67
Plasma cholesterol (mmol/L) <5.0 mmol/L	4.6	5.2	5.6	4.4
Plasma LDL# cholesterol (mmol/L) <3.0 mmol/L	2.7	3.5	3.5	2.1
Plasma HDL## cholesterol (mmol/L) >1.0 mmol/L	1.52	1.88	2.15	1.83

Laboratory tests were studied once a month during the first year, three times in the second year, and annually in years 3–5.

^*Measured during KD initiation.

^**Measured 6 months before exercise test (values from the time of exercise test are missing).

^#Low density lipoprotein.

^##High density lipoprotein.