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Adhesion between bacteria and yeast probiotics and paraprobiotics based on filtration analyses. Probiotics (LYA and LYB) and paraprobiotics (CWA, CWB, CWC) were co-incubated with E. coli, Salmonella, or L. monocytogenes and filtered using a 3µm membrane filter. Resulting filtrates were diluted and plated. Values represent the average filtrates from three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard error. * P < 0.001; ** P < 0.05.
