Table 2.
Pesticides detected on fruits and vegetables
| Pesticide name and type, in alphabetical order | Foods where over 30% of the samples tested between 2016 and 2018 carried detectable pesticide residues [25] | EPA document year | The FQPA factor for acute dietary exposure | FQPA factor for chronic dietary exposures | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) | Apples, applesauce, cherries, frozen cherries, strawberries, frozen strawberries | 2017 | 1X | 1X | [26] |
| Ametoctradin (fungicide) | Spinach | 2017 | not assigneda | not assigneda | [27] |
| Azoxystrobin (fungicide) | Green onions, kale, raisins | 2018 | 3X | 1X | [28] |
| Bifenthrin (pyrethroid insecticide) | Kale (29.7% of samples tested in 2017), raisins, frozen strawberries | 2019 | 1X | N/A | [29] |
| Boscalid (fungicide) | Frozen cherries, grapes, raisins, strawberries, frozen strawberries | 2018 | N/A | 1X | [30] |
| Captan (fungicide, detected by the presence of its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide) | Applesauce, strawberries, frozen strawberries | 2018 | 1Xb | 1X | [31] |
| Chlorantraniliprole (insecticide) | Cilantro, spinach | 2019 | N/A | 1X | [32] |
| Chlorpropham (herbicide and plant growth regulator / potato sprout suppressant) | Potatoes | 2017 | N/A | 10X | [33] |
| Clothianidin (neonicotinoid insecticide) | Spinach | 2017 | 1X | 1X | [34] |
| Cypermethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) | Frozen spinach | 2019 | 1X | N/A | [29] |
| Cyprodinil (fungicide) | Grapes, strawberries | 2016 | 1X | 1X | [35] |
| DCPA (herbicide, also called dacthal and chlorthal-dimethyl) | Cilantro, kale | 2011 | N/A | 1X | [36] |
| Dimethomorph (fungicide) | Spinach | 2015 | 10X | 1X | [37] |
| Diphenylamine (plant growth regulator) | Apples, applesauce | 2018 | N/A | 1X | [38] |
| Fenbuconazole (fungicide) | Frozen cherries | 2019 | 1Xb | 1X | [39] |
| Fenhexamid (fungicide) | Cherries, grapes | 2018 | N/A | 1X | [40] |
| Fenpropathrin (pyrethroid insecticide) | Canned olives | 2019 | 1X | N/A | [29] |
| Flonicamid (insecticide) | Spinach, frozen strawberries | 2019 | N/A | 1X | [41] |
| Fludioxonil (fungicide) | Apples, cherries, pears, strawberries | 2017 | N/A | 1X | [42] |
| Fluopicolide (fungicide) | Kale, spinach | 2017 | N/A | 1X | [43] |
| Fluxapyroxad (fungicide) | Strawberries | 2016 | 1X | 1X | [44] |
| Imazalil (fungicide) | Grapefruit, oranges | 2018 | 1Xb | 1X | [45] |
| Imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) | Cilantro, lettuce, canned tomatoes (29.9% of samples tested in 2017), potatoes, raisins, spinach | 2017 | 1X | 1X | [46] |
| Iprodione (fungicide) | Cherries | 2012 | 10Xc | 10X | [47] |
| Mandipropamid (fungicide) | Spinach, frozen spinach | 2018 | N/A | 1X | [48] |
| Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam (fungicide) | Cucumbers (29.8% of samples tested in 2016) | 2016 | 1X | N/A | [49] |
| Permethrin, cis and trans (pyrethroid insecticide) | Spinach | 2019 | 1X | N/A | [29] |
| Propamocarb (fungicide) | Cucumbers | 2019 | 1X | 1X | [50] |
| Pyraclostrobin (fungicide) | Frozen cherries, grapes, raisins, strawberries | 2018 | 1X | 1X | [51] |
| Pyrimethanil (fungicide) | Apples, pears | 2015 | 1X | 1X | [52] |
| Spinetoram (insecticide) | Spinach | 2018 | N/A | 1X | [53] |
| Tebuconazole (fungicide) | Cherries, frozen cherries, grapes, raisins | 2018 | 3X | 3X | [54] |
| Thiabendazole (fungicide) | Apples, applesauce, grapefruit, mangos, oranges, pears | 2019 | 1X | 1X | [55] |
| Thiophanate-methyl (fungicide, detected by the presence of its metabolite carbendazim) | Applesauce, frozen strawberries | 2014 | 1Xb | 3X | [56] |
| Trifloxystrobin (fungicide) | Frozen cherries, raisins | 2018 | 1Xb | 1X | [57] |
N/A not available, indicating that an FQPA factor was not assigned for this exposure scenario
aAccording to the EPA, “based on a review of the available ametoctradin toxicological studies, no toxicological points of departure where selected for ametoctradin and thus, an additional Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) safety factor to protect children is not needed. As a result, no dietary, residential, occupational, or aggregate exposure assessments are required at this time” [27]
bThe EPA did not assign an FQPA factor for the acute dietary exposure scenario for the general population, including infants and children; for acute dietary exposure assessment for females 13–49 years of age, the EPA assigned a 1X FQPA factor
cFor iprodione, the EPA did not assign an FQPA factor for the acute dietary exposure scenario for the general population including infants and children; for acute dietary exposure assessment for females 13–49 years of age, the EPA assigned a 10X FQPA factor