Table 1.
Demographic data and medications among enrolled subjects
| Control | Case | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 348 | n = 58 | ||
| Age, years | 40.4 ± 17.9 | 40.4 ± 18.0 | 1.00 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 264 (75.9) | 44 (75.9) | 1.00 |
| Male | 84 (24.1) | 14 (24.1) | |
| Disease duration, mean ± SD year | 5.7 ± 4.6 | 4.8 ± 4.3 | 0.16 |
| Comorbidities within one year before the index date | |||
| CCI without moderate to severe renal disease, mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Moderate to severe renal disease | 30 (8.6) | 20 (34.5) | < 0.01 |
| Medications within 3 months before the indiex date | |||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.28 |
| Glucocorticoids | |||
| Usage of glucocorticoids | 240 (69.0) | 56 (96.6) | < 0.01 |
| Prednisolone equivalent, mean ± SD mg/daya | 8.2 ± 19.8 | 36.4 ± 33.9 | < 0.01 |
| ≤ 5 mg/day | 217 (62.4) | 2 (3.4) | < 0.01 |
| 5–10 mg/day | 70 (20.1) | 7 (12.1) | |
| > 10 mg/day | 61 (17.5) | 49 (84.5) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 189 (54.3) | 22 (37.9) | 0.02 |
| Cumulative dose (g) | 9.2 ± 11.6 | 7.2 ± 12.0 | 0.23 |
| None | 159 (45.7) | 36 (62.1) | 0.06 |
| ≤ 14 gb | 94 (27.0) | 12 (20.7) | |
| > 14 gb | 95 (27.3) | 10 (17.2) | |
| Sulfasalazine | 7 (2.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0.88 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 25 (7.2) | 18 (31) | < 0.01 |
| Cumulative dose (g) | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 1.7 | < 0.01 |
| None | 323 (92.8) | 40 (69.0) | < 0.01 |
| ≤1.4 gb | 17 (4.9) | 6 (10.3) | |
| > 1.4 gb | 8 (2.3) | 12 (20.7) | |
| Methotrexate | 15 (4.3) | 2 (3.4) | 0.76 |
| Leflunomide | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Mycophenolate mofetil /mycophenolic acid | 5 (1.4) | 13 (22.4) | < 0.01 |
| Cyclosporine | 13 (3.7) | 10 (17.2) | < 0.01 |
| Azathioprine | 77 (22.1) | 13 (22.4) | 0.96 |
Data were shown as number (percentage) unless specified otherwise
aPrednisolone equivalent. bMedian cumulative dose. Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; NA, not applicable