Table 1.
Flat periwinkle samples analyzed in this study. Shown is the locality and country of origin, together with year of collection, geographical coordinates and habitat type. Locality codes include “o” or “f” as prefix when corresponding to L. obtusata or L. fabalis samples, respectively, followed by the initials of the country where samples were collected (Fig. 1). N: sample size (specified by sex: mal, males; fem, females), as the initial number of individuals considered for analysis, followed by the final number of individuals retained in each dataset (COI + Cyt-b: concatenated cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b; Thio: thioredoxin peroxidase 2; Cal: calreticulin)
| Locality | Country | Year of | Coordinates | Wave Exposure / | Code | N Initial | N COI + Cyt-b | N Thio | N Cal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collection | Latitude | Longitude | Habitat | (mal/fem) | (mal/fem) | (mal/fem) | (mal/fem) | |||
| L. obtusata | ||||||||||
| Nahant | Massachusetts (USA) | 2005 | 42°25′41.22″N | 70°55′43.26″W | NA | (1) oUS1 | 12 (NA) | 10 (NA) | 11 (NA) | 8 (NA) |
| Quoddy Head | Maine (USA) | 2005 | 44°48′49.74″N | 66°57′3.66″W | NA | (2) oUS2 | 12 (NA) | 8 (NA) | 11 (NA) | 6 (NA) |
| Sandgerdi | Iceland | 2005 | 64° 2′0.27″N | 22°44′11.82″W | NA | (3) oIC | 12 (NA) | 10 (NA) | 11 (NA) | 7 (NA) |
| Shetland Islands | Scotland (UK) | 2007 | 59°53′6.04″N | 1°17′10.71″W | NA | (4) oSC | 12 (NA) | 9 (NA) | 12 (NA) | 1 (NA) |
| Seløyna 1 | Norway | 2012 | 60°38′13.62″N | 4°47′33.72″E | Sheltered | (5) oNO1 | 29 (12/17) | 15 (9/6) | 11 (9/2) | 8 (7/1) |
| Seløyna 2 | Norway | 2012 | 60°38′7.08″N | 4°47′32.94″E | Exposed | (6) oNO2 | 4 (2/2) | 3 (1/2) | 3 (1/2) | 3 (1/2) |
| Lökholmen 1 | Sweden | 2012 | 58°53′21.98″N | 11° 6′38.61″E | Sheltered | (7) oSW1 | 12 (9/3) | 12 (9/3) | 11 (8/3) | 10 (7/3) |
| Lökholmen 2 | Sweden | 2012 | 58°53′20.29″N | 11° 6′31.94″E | Exposed | (8) oSW2 | 12 (10/2) | 12 (10/2) | 12 (10/2) | 8 (8/0) |
| Anglesey South 1 | Wales (UK) | 2012 | 53°25′20.30″N | 4°22′7.86″W | Sheltered | (9) oWA1 | 12 (8/4) | 12 (8/4) | 9 (6/3) | 11 (8/3) |
| Anglesey South 2 | Wales (UK) | 2012 | 53°25′5.74″N | 4°27′10.82″W | Exposed | (10) oWA2 | 12 (7/5) | 9 (6/3) | 11 (7/4) | 7 (6/1) |
| Baiona | Spain | 2012 | 42° 7′26.93″N | 8°50′51.35″W | Sheltered | (16) oSP3 | 40 (28/12) | 34 (24/10) | 11 (11/0) | 11 (11/0) |
| Rio de Moinhos | Portugal | 2012 | 41°34′4.05″N | 8°47′51.81″W | Sheltered | (17) oPT1 | 40 (30/10) | 32 (24/8) | 10 (10/0) | 4 (4/0) |
| Total | 209 | 166 | 123 | 84 | ||||||
| L. fabalis | ||||||||||
| Sandgerdi | Icleand | 2005 | 64° 2′0.27″N | 22°44′11.82″W | NA | (3) fIC | 12 (NA) | 3 (NA) | 5 (NA) | 0 |
| Seløyna 1 | Norway | 2012 | 60°38′13.62″N | 4°47′33.72″E | Sheltered | (5) fNO1 | 26 (6/20) | 12 (4/8) | 5 (2/3) | 2 (1/1) |
| Seløyna 2 | Norway | 2012 | 60°38′7.08″N | 4°47′32.94″E | Exposed | (6) fNO2 | 12 (7/5) | 8 (5/3) | 7 (6/1) | 5 (3/2) |
| Lökholmen 1 | Sweden | 2012 | 58°53′21.98″N | 11° 6′38.61″E | Sheltered | (7) fSW1 | 12 (12/0) | 11 (11/0) | 8 (8/0) | 8 (8/0) |
| Lökholmen 2 | Sweden | 2012 | 58°53′20.29″N | 11° 6′31.94″E | Exposed | (8) fSW2 | 12 (12/0) | 11 (11/0) | 8 (8/0) | 9 (9/0) |
| Anglesey South 1 | Wales (UK) | 2012 | 53°25′20.30″N | 4°22′7.86″W | Sheltered | (9) fWA1 | 12 (12/0) | 9 (9/0) | 6 (6/0) | 0 |
| Anglesey South 2 | Wales (UK) | 2012 | 53°25′5.74″N | 4°27′10.82″W | Exposed | (10) fWA2 | 12 (12/0) | 9 (9/0) | 5 (5/0) | 4 (4/0) |
| Minard Castle | Ireland | 2012 | 52° 7′12.00″N | 10° 6′36.00″W | NA | (11) fIR | 12 (12/0) | 7 (7/0) | 2 (2/0) | 3 (3/0) |
| Wembury | England (UK) | 2012 | 50°18′36.00″N | 4° 5′60.00″W | NA | (12) fEN | 12 (12/0) | 7 (7/0) | 2 (2/0) | 2 (2/0) |
| Landunvez | France | 2012 | 48°32′24.00″N | 4°44′24.00″W | NA | (13) fFR | 12 (12/0) | 8 (8/0) | 6 (6/0) | 0 |
| O Grove | Spain | 2012 | 42°27′45.45″N | 8°52′20.59″W | Zostera-Sheltered | (14) fSP1 | 25 (17/8) | 21 (14/7) | 9 (9/0) | 4 (4/0) |
| Tirán | Spain | 2012 | 42°15′48.01″N | 8°45′11.63″W | Fucus-Intermediate | (15) fSP2 | 40 (31/9) | 29 (22/7) | 5 (4/1) | 2 (1/1) |
| Póvoa de Varzim | Portugal | 2012 | 41°23′7.24″N | 8°45′88.30″W | Mastocarpus-Exposed | (18) fPT2 | 24 (12/12) | 22 (10/12) | 10 (7/3) | 3 (3/0) |
| Total | 223 | 157 | 78 | 42 | ||||||
| Cabo do Mundoa | Portugal | 2012 | 41°13′33.78″N | 8°43′3.05″W | Sheltered | (19) PT3 | 30 (19/11) | 21 (12/9) | 24 (13/11) | 7 (5/2) |
aLocality where hybrids between L. fabalis and L. obtusata were previously identified based on microsatellites (see [31])
NA not available; Sampling locations code letters stand for the country: US USA, IC Iceland, NO Norway, SW Sweden, WA Wales, SP Spain, PT Portugal, IR Ireland, EN England, FR France