TABLE. Trends in measures of opioid use and possible misuse,* by state† — Prescription Behavior Surveillance System, United States, 2010–2016.
| State | Years | Opioid prescribing rate |
Mean daily opioid dosage |
Percent of patients with high daily dosage of opioid (≥90 MME) |
Percent of opioid-treated days with overlapping opioid prescriptions episode rate |
Percent of opioid-treated days with overlapping benzodiazepine prescriptions |
Multiple-provider episode rate |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | Total % change | AQPC (95% CI) | ||
| CA |
2010–16 |
-17.7
|
-0.8
(-0.9 to 0.6)
|
-25.7
|
-1.2
(-1.6 to -0.8)
|
-32.5
|
-1.5
(-2.0 to -1.0)
|
-17.0
|
-0.7
(-0.8 to -0.6)
|
-9.5
|
-0.3
(-0.5 to −0.2)
|
-79.4
|
-6.0
(-8.1 to -3.8)
|
| DE |
2012–16 |
-18.6
|
-1.0
(-1.2 to -0.9)
|
-17.9
|
-1.0
(-1.2 to -0.7)
|
-25.0
|
-1.4
(-2.3 to -0.4)
|
24.5
|
1.1
(0.5 to 1.7)
|
-19.3
|
-1.2
(-1.5 to -0.9)
|
-75.5
|
-6.4
(-7.5 to −5.2)
|
| FL |
2012–16 |
-14.9
|
-0.8
(-1.4 to −0.2)
|
-27.4
|
-1.6
(-1.9 to -1.3)
|
-27.2
|
-1.4
(-1.9 to -1.1)
|
-5.8 |
-0.3
(-1.0 to 0.3) |
-22.0
|
-1.3
(-2.3 to -0.4)
|
-76.6
|
-8.1
(-9.0 to -7.2)
|
| ID |
2012–16 |
-3.4 |
-0.2
(-0.4 to 0.1) |
-7.4
|
-0.4
(-0.6 to -0.3)
|
-5.7
|
-0.4
(-0. To -0.3)
|
4.9 |
0.3
(-0.1 to 0.7) |
-2.8 |
-0.2
(-0.6 to 0.1) |
—§ |
—§ |
| KY |
2010–16 |
-22.8
|
-1.0
(-1.8 to -0.1)
|
-13.5
|
-0.5
(-0.7 to -0.3)
|
-38.7
|
-2.1
(-2.6 to -1.6)
|
-19.9 |
-0.8
(-2.4 to 0.8) |
-18.0
|
-0.7
(-1.0 to -0.5)
|
-81.7
|
-6.1
(-8.1 to -4.1)
|
| LA |
2010–16 |
-14.3 |
-0.5
(-0.9 to 0.0) |
-15.4
|
-0.7
(-0.9 to -0.5)
|
-43.9
|
-2.3
(-3.1 to -1.6)
|
0.3 |
-0.1
(-0.9 to 0.7) |
-15.8
|
-0.7
(-1.4 to -0.1)
|
—§ |
—§ |
| ME |
2010–16 |
-25.0
|
-1.2
(-1.3 to -1.0)
|
-12.2
|
-0.4
(-0.5 to -0.3)
|
-21.5 |
-1.1
(−2.3 to 0.2) |
8.4 |
0.3
(-0.3 to 1.0) |
−5.6 |
-0.1
(-0.7 to 0.6) |
-62.3
|
-4.1
(-4.8 to -3.5)
|
| OH |
2010–16 |
-33.0
|
-1.6
(-2.0 to-1.2)
|
-20.8
|
-0.9
(-1.1 to -0.6)
|
-43.3
|
-2.2
(-3.2 to -1.3)
|
-19.0
|
-0.9
(-1.1 to -0.7)
|
-21.6
|
-0.9
(-1.2 to -0.7)
|
-86.9
|
-7.3
(-9.8 to -4.8)
|
| TX |
2015–16 |
11.3 |
—¶ |
-2.9 |
—¶ |
-12.8 |
—¶ |
9.7 |
—¶ |
−2.3 |
—¶ |
—§ |
—§ |
| VA |
2010–16 |
-17.6
|
-0.7
(-1.0 to -0.4)
|
-12.2
|
-0.6
(-0.6 to -0.5)
|
-25.6
|
-1.8
(-2.8 to -0.9)
|
6.5 |
0.0
(-0.3 to 0.3) |
−4.1 |
0.0
(-0.7 to 0.7) |
—§ |
—§ |
| WV | 2010–16 | -24.1 | -1.1 (-1.7 to -0.6) | -12.2 | -0.5 (-0.9 to -0.1) | -37.7 | -2.0 (-2.7 to -1.3) | −6.2 | −0.3 (-0.7 to 0.1) | -35.8 | -1.7 (-2.3 to -1.1) | -94.8 | -10.2 (-16.0 to -4.0) |
Abbreviations: AQPC = average quarterly percent change; MME = morphine milligram equivalent; CI = confidence interval.
* Opioid prescribing rate is defined as the total number of Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) CII-V opioid prescriptions dispensed in the quarter in the state per 1,000 state residents. Mean daily opioid dosage is calculated for patients that have a DEA Schedule CII-V opioid prescription in a given quarter and refers to MME per day prescribed (total number of MME prescribed divided by the total number of prescription days accounting for overlapping prescription days). Percentage of patients with a high daily dosage of opioids is defined as the percentage of opioid-treated patients in the quarter with >90 MME per day prescribed for all DEA Schedule CII-V opioid drugs used by the patient, calculated using the average daily MME for Schedule CII-V opioid drugs over the 3-month period. Percentage of opioid-treated days with overlapping opioid prescriptions is defined as the percent of total opioid-treated days for all patients in the quarter with at least two overlapping DEA Schedule CII-V opioid prescriptions. Percentage of opioid-treated days with overlapping benzodiazepine prescriptions is defined as the percentage of total opioid- and benzodiazepine-treated days for all patients in the quarter with overlapping DEA Schedule CII-V opioid prescriptions and benzodiazepine prescriptions. Multiple-provider episode rate is defined as the number of instances in which a patient fills DEA Schedule CII-IV opioid prescriptions from five or more prescribers at five or more pharmacies in the previous 3 months per 100,000 state residents.
† The statistical significance of AQPCs was measured using 95% confidence intervals. Changes significant at the 0.05 level are in bold.
§ Because of a change in data vendors during the period of study, trend analysis on multiple-provider episode rates in Idaho, Louisiana, Texas, and Virginia were not conducted.
¶ Data were not sufficiently reliable to permit trend estimates. In Texas, only eight quarters of data were available, which were not sufficient for Joinpoint analyses.