Table 2.
Characteristics of cases with (non-)chronic depression during the lifetime in clinical and population-based samples
| Cases with PDD in clinical sample1 (n = 45) |
Cases with PDD in DEGS1-MH2 (n = 179) |
Cases with NCMDD in DEGS1-MH (n = 205) |
p-value5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of disorder onset < 21 years3, % (95% CI) | 73.3 (58.0–84.5) | 24.7 (18.2–32.6) | 32.2 (23.8–41.9) | 0.192 |
| Thoughts of death/suicide, or suicide plans/attempts3, % (95% CI) | 95.5 (82.8–98.9) | 86.4 (78.7–91.6) | 86.2 (77.6–91.8) | 0.960 |
| Attempted suicide3, % (95% CI) | 36.4 (23.2–52.0) | 16.2 (9.2–26.8) | 11.7 (6.9–19.3) | 0.393 |
| Self-reported depression course3, % (95% CI) | < 0.001 | |||
| Single episode, remitted | – | 2.3 (0.9–5.4) | 17.7 (10.4–28.3) | |
| Single episode, acute | – | 5.7 (2.7–11.7) | 4.0 (1.6–9.9) | |
| Recurring episodes | 2.3 (0.3–15.5) | 20.9 (14.4–29.3) | 55.1 (45.0–64.8) | |
| Single episode, chronic course | 25.0 (14.1–40.4) | 24.3 (14.9–36.9) | 5.9 (3.1–10.9) | |
| Persistent depressive course | 50.0 (35.1–64.9) | 24.6 (16.9–34.4) | 2.0 (0.5–7.9) | |
| Double depression | 15.9 (7.5–30.5) | 19.3 (12.4–28.8) | 11.9 (6.4–21.3) | |
| Other | 6.8 (2.1–19.9) | 2.9 (0.9–9.4) | 3.5 (1.1–9.9) | |
| No. of episodes3, mean (95% CI) | 2.8 (1.9–3.6) | 13.7 (8.4–19.0) | 7.4 (5.1–9.7) | < 0.001 |
| No. of comorbid mental disorders (lifetime)4, % (95% CI) | 0.071 | |||
| 0 | 46.7 (32.2–61.7) | 28.7 (20.8–38.2) | 36.9 (28.0–46.7) | |
| 1 | 33.3 (20.8–48.8) | 28.9 (21.7–37.5) | 37.4 (29.0–46.8) | |
| 2 | 13.3 (5.9–27.3) | 31.0 (21.8–42.0) | 16.4 (10.5–24.8) | |
| ≥ 3 | 6.7 (2.1–19.4) | 11.4 (6.2–20.1) | 9.3 (5.0–16.6) | |
| Current depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10), % (95% CI) | 66.7 (51.2–79.2) | 44.9 (35.1–55.1) | 18.6 (12.1–27.5) | < 0.001 |
| No. of psychotherapeutic treatments (lifetime) | 0.271 | |||
| 0 | – | 87.2 (76.3–93.5) | 92.6 (86.6–96.0) | |
| 1 | 9.1 (2.8–2.6) | 10.1 (4.7–20.3) | 6.5 (3.3–12.6) | |
| ≥ 2 | 90.9 (74.1–97.2) | 2.7 (1.1–6.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | |
| No. of antidepressant medications (lifetime) | 0.674 | |||
| 0 | 2.4 (0.3–16.2) | 79.5 (71.7–85.6) | 75.1 (66.2–82.3) | |
| 1 | 16.7 (7.9–31.8) | 11.4 (7.4–17.1) | 12.7 (7.8–20.1) | |
| ≥ 2 | 81.0 (65.6–90.5) | 9.1 (5.1–15.9) | 12.2 (7.0–20.3) |
CI confidence interval, PDD persistent depressive disorder, NCMDD non-chronic major depressive disorder, SCID I Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview
1Clinical Sample at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin: 2018–2019; n = 45 re-participants based on n = 60 patients who participated in inpatient treatment with the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP [40]), age range: 24–66 years
2German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults, mental health module (DEGS1-MH): 2009–2012, weighted for population structure as of 31st December 2010; age range: 18–79 years; n = 4408 with full CIDI mood disorders section
3Based on CIDI
4Based on SCID I or CIDI diagnoses of panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobias, obsessive–compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, pain and somatoform disorders, substance abuse and dependence (excluding nicotine), anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder
5p-value based on Rao–Scott chi-square test for categorical variables and based on Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables in DEGS1-MH. Bold type indicates significant differences between subjects with PDD and NCMDD in DEGS1-MH (local significance level α = 0.01)