Table 2.

Risk of bias assessment using JBI’s critical appraisal tools for cross sectional studies

Items for critical appraisal	Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?				Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?				Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?				Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?				Were confounding factors identified?				Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?				Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?				Was appropriate statistical analysis used?				Overall appraisal	Quality of the evidence
studies	yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable	Yes	No	Unclear	Not applicable
Rooban et al. [48]	√				√					√			√				√					√			√				√				Included	moderate
Reece [49]	√				√				√				√					√			√				√					√			Included	High
Kayal et al. [50]	√				√				√				√					√				√			√					√			Included	moderate
D’Amore et al. [51]	√				√				√				√				√					√			√					√				High
Gupta et al. [52]	√				√				√				√					√					√				√			√				moderate