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. 2019 Jan 31;100(3):350–366. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001193

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Fig. 4. — Semen exosomes inhibit HIV-1 lifecycle steps. Schematic of the HIV-1 lifecycle. (1) HIV-1 virions bind to cell receptor/co-receptor. (2) Fusion and entry inserts the viral core in the cell cytoplasm. (3) The viral genome is reverse transcribed from single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA. (4) Viral double-stranded DNA is imported into the cell nucleus. (5) Viral double-stranded DNA is integrated into host double-stranded DNA. (6) Viral RNA is transcribed from integrated DNA. Concurrently, (7A) viral proteins are translated from viral RNA and (7B) progeny virions are assembled with viral proteins and viral RNA. (8) New HIV-1 virions bud from the cell plasma membrane. Semen exosomes inhibit HIV-1 at the steps of reverse transcription, proviral integration and viral transcription. See text for references.