Table 1:
Patient characteristics stratified by the insurance status
| Patient Characteristic, No. (%) | Total | Medicare | Medicaid | Private | Uninsured | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patient | 22254 (100%) | 10595 (47.1%) | 1418 (6.1%) | 9766 (44.7%) | 475 (2.2%) | |
| Age, year (median, IQR) | 64 (55–72) | 72 (67–77) | 55 (47–61) | 57 (50–62) | 57 (49–63) | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.090 | |||||
| Male | 11615 (52.2%) | 5484 (51.8%) | 731 (51.6%) | 5148 (52.7%) | 252 (53.1%) | |
| Female | 10638 (47.8%) | 5110 (48.2%) | 687 (48.4%) | 4618 (47.3%) | 223 (46.9%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 17034 (76.5%) | 8455 (79.8%) | 756 (53.3%) | 7566 (77.5%) | 257 (54.1%) | |
| Black | 1869 (8.4%) | 775 (7.3%) | 254 (17.9%) | 790 (8.1%) | 50 (10.5%) | |
| Other/Unknown | 3351 (15.1%) | 1365 (12.9%) | 408 (28.8%) | 1410 (14.4%) | 168 (35.4%) | |
| Income quartile | <0.001 | |||||
| 1st (lowest) | 4462 (20.5%) | 2208 (21.2%) | 491 (35.8%) | 1646 (17.3%) | 117 (28.3%) | |
| 2nd | 5231 (24.1%) | 2580 (24.8%) | 417 (30.4%) | 2115 (22.2%) | 119 (28.8%) | |
| 3rd | 5568 (25.6%) | 2631 (25.3%) | 291 (21.2%) | 2543 (26.7%) | 103 (24.9%) | |
| 4th (highest) | 6470 (29.8%) | 2999 (28.8%) | 173 (12.6%) | 3224 (33.8%) | 74 (17.9%) | |
| Mortality risk | <0.001 | |||||
| Minor | 6412 (28.8%) | 2415 (22.8%) | 478 (33.7%) | 3361 (34.4%) | 158 (33.3%) | |
| Moderate | 9347 (42.0%) | 4252 (40.1%) | 576 (40.6%) | 4303 (44.1%) | 216 (45.5%) | |
| Major | 4420 (19.9%) | 2573 (24.3%) | 269 (19%) | 1512 (15.5%) | 66 (13.9%) | |
| Extreme | 2075 (9.3%) | 1355 (12.8%) | 95 (6.7%) | 590 (6%) | 35 (7.4%) | |
| Severity risk | <0.001 | |||||
| Minor | 1668 (7.5%) | 620 (5.9%) | 113 (7.9%) | 890 (9.1%) | 45 (9.5%) | |
| Moderate | 7981 (35.9%) | 3282 (31.0%) | 537 (37.9%) | 3969 (40.6%) | 193 (40.6%) | |
| Major | 9965 (44.8%) | 5138 (48.5%) | 593 (41.8%) | 4043 (41.4%) | 191 (40.2%) | |
| Extreme | 2640 (11.9%) | 1555 (14.7%) | 175 (12.4%) | 864 (8.9%) | 46 (9.7%) | |
| Complexity | <0.001 | |||||
| Pancreas | ||||||
| Major | 8189 (36.8%) | 4476 (42.25%) | 411 (29.0%) | 3128 (32.0%) | 174 (36.6%) | |
| Minor | 2674 (12.02%) | 1397 (13.2%) | 126 (8.9%) | 1104 (11.3%) | 47 (9.9%) | |
| Liver | ||||||
| Major | 8215 (36.9%) | 3381 (31.9%) | 654 (46.1%) | 3995 (40.9%) | 185 (38.9%) | |
| Minor | 3176 (14.3%) | 1341 (12.7%) | 227 (16.01%) | 1539 (15.7%) | 69 (14.5%) | |
| Hospital location/teaching status | <0.001 | |||||
| Rural | 304 (1.4%) | 173 (1.6%) | 28 (2%) | 97 (1%) | 6 (1.3%) | |
| Urban nonteaching | 2526 (11.4%) | 1302 (12.3%) | 105 (7.4%) | 1082 (11.1%) | 37 (7.8%) | |
| Urban teaching | 19424 (87.3%) | 9120 (86.1%) | 1285 (90.6%) | 8587 (87.9%) | 432 (90.9%) | |
| Hospital Control | <0.001 | |||||
| Government (nonfederal) | 3750 (16.9%) | 1534 (14.5%) | 325 (22.9%) | 1721 (17.6%) | 170 (35.8%) | |
| Private nonprofit | 17477 (78.5%) | 8560 (80.8%) | 1048 (73.9%) | 7576 (77.6%) | 293 (61.7%) | |
| Private investor–owned | 1027 (4.6%) | 501 (4.7%) | 45 (3.2%) | 469 (4.8%) | 12 (2.5%) | |
| Bed size | <0.001 | |||||
| Small | 1549 (7%) | 722 (6.8%) | 74 (5.2%) | 732 (7.5%) | 21 (4.4%) | |
| Medium | 3021 (13.6%) | 1524 (14.4%) | 193 (13.6%) | 1244 (12.7%) | 60 (12.6%) | |
| Large | 17684 (79.5%) | 8349 (78.8%) | 1151 (81.2%) | 7790 (79.8%) | 394 (82.9%) | |
| Hospital Volume | 0.004 | |||||
| Low | 233 (0.6%) | 80 (0.8%) | 70 (0.7%) | 38 (0.4%) | 5 (1.05%) | |
| Medium | 174 (0.78%) | 93 (0.9%) | 12 (0.9%) | 63 (0.7%) | 6 (1.26%) | |
| High | 21947 (98.6%) | 10422 (98.4%) | 1396 (98.5%) | 9665 (98.7%) | 464 (97.6%) |
IQR = Interquartile range