Table 2:

Multivariate associations between insurance status and hospital location/ teaching

Variable	Rural	Urban Nonteaching			Urban teaching
		OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Insurance
Private				Reference
Medicare	Reference	0.75	0.53 – 1.06	0.11	0.83	0.59 – 1.16	0.27
Medicaid	Reference	0.36	0.22 – 0.59	<0.001	0.54	0.34 – 0.84	0.007
Uninsured	Reference	0.58	0.23 – 1.45	0.24	0.80	0.34 – 1.88	0.60
Gender
Male		0.77	0.60 – 0.99	0.043	0.84	0.66 – 1.06	0.14
Female	Reference			Reference
Age		1.00	0.98 – 1.00	0.81	1.00	0.98 – 1.01	0.07
Income quartile
1st				Reference
2nd	Reference	1.12	0.83 – 1.50	0.45	0.96	0.73 – 1.26	0.76
3rd	Reference	3.63	2.49 – 5.28	<0.001	2.88	2.01 – 4.12	<0.001
4th	Reference	26.04	12.98 – 52.23	<0.001	16.94	8.52 – 33.70	<0.001
Mortality Risk
Minor				Reference
Moderate	Reference	1.21	0.88 – 1.66	0.24	1.00	0.74 – 1.35	0.99
Major	Reference	1.19	0.83 – 1.71	0.33	0.87	0.62 – 1.22	0.41
Extreme	Reference	1.48	0.93 – 2.36	0.10	0.95	0.61 – 1.49	0.82
Race
White				Reference
Black	Reference	3.16	1.75 – 5.68	<0.001	3.17	1.79 – 5.61	<0.001
Other	Reference	8.13	4.12 – 16.03	<0.001	5.87	3.00 – 11.50	<0.001
Complexity
Pancreas
Minor	Reference			Reference
Major	Reference	0.90	0.62 – 1.30	0.56	1.35	0.94 – 1.93	0.10
Liver
Minor	Reference	0.79	0.55 – 1.15	0.21	1.21	0.85 – 1.73	0.29
Major	Reference	1.95	1.15 – 3.30	0.013	2.06	1.23 – 3.44	0.006
Hospital Volume
Low	Reference			Reference
Medium	Reference	1.59	0.74 – 3.41	0.23	3.05	1.34 – 6.97	0.008
High	Reference	2.31	1.33 – 4.03	0.003	52.01	28.00 – 96.63	<0.001

OR: Odds Ratio CI: Confidence Interval