Table 3:

Multivariate associations between insurance status and the hospital control status

Variable	Private Nonprofit	Government (Nonfederal)			Private Investor–Owned
		OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Insurance
Private				Reference
Medicare	Reference	0.94	0.85 – 1.03	0.18	0.85	0.72 – 1.01	0.06
Medicaid	Reference	1.12	0.97 – 1.29	0.11	0.53	0.38 – 0.73	<0.001
Uninsured	Reference	2.19	1.77 – 2.71	<0.001	0.58	0.32 – 1.06	0.07
Gender
Male				Reference
Female	Reference	1.07	0.99 – 1.15	0.07	0.91	0.80 – 1.03	0.13
Age		0.99	0.99 – 0.99	<0.001	1.00	0.99 – 1.00	0.42
Income quartile
1st				Reference
2nd	Reference	0.85	0.76 – 0.94	0.002	0.86	0.72 – 1.03	0.10
3rd	Reference	0.82	0.74 – 0.91	<0.001	0.73	0.61 – 0.88	<0.001
4th	Reference	0.66	0.59 – 0.73	<0.001	0.48	0.40 – 0.58	<0.001
Mortality Risk
Minor				Reference
Moderate	Reference	0.95	0.87 – 1.03	0.22	1.29	1.08 – 1.53	0.004
Major	Reference	0.85	0.76 – 0.95	0.003	1.74	1.44 – 2.11	<0.001
Extreme	Reference	0.88	0.77 – 1.02	0.09	2.06	1.64 – 2.59	<0.001
Race
White				Reference
Black	Reference	1.05	0.92 – 1.20	0.44	1.32	1.06 – 1.64	0.013
Other	Reference	1.62	1.47 – 1.78	<0.001	1.72	1.45 – 2.03	<0.001
Complexity
Pancreas
Minor				Reference
Major	Reference	1.05	0.93 – 1.19	0.46	0.86	0.70 – 1.04	0.12
Liver
Minor	Reference	1.01	0.89 – 1.14	0.87	0.68	0.55 – 0.83	<0.001
Major	Reference	1.18	1.02 – 1.35	0.026	0.82	0.64 – 1.04	0.09
Hospital Volume
Low	Reference			Reference
Medium	Reference	0.97	0.45 – 2.09	0.93	0.63	0.33 – 1.20	0.16
High	Reference	1.43	0.80 – 2.58	0.23	0.23	0.14 – 0.37	<0.001

OR: Odds Ratio CI: Confidence Interval