Table 2.
The anti-inflammatory properties of licorice compounds in vitro.
| Compounds | Inflammation tissue/disease | Cell | Concentration | Inhibition rate | Method | Toxic signs/mortality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18β-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 51% reduction in NO | ELISA | Do not affect the viability of the RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration lower than 200 μM | (Wang et al. 2011) |
| 18β-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 49% reduction in PGE2 | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |
| 18β-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 46% reduction in TNF-α | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |
| 18β-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 42% reduction in IL-6. | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |
| 18β-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 51% reduction in IL-1β | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |
| 18β-GC | Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages | Peritoneal macrophages of Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice (4–6 weeks old) | 50 mg·mL−1 | 90.94% reduction in the parasite load | ELISA | Optimal viability at mg·mL−1 showing 88% survival | (Bhattacharjee et al. 2012) |
| 18α-GC | Ischaemia/reperfusion in L02 cells | The human hepatic L02 cell line | 10 mg·mL−1 | Increase the activities of SOD and GSH-Px | SOD and GSH-Px Detection Kits | (Huang et al. 2014) | |
| 18α-GC | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW264.7 macrophages | 0.5 mg·mL−1 or 1 mg·mL−1 | Suppress PGE2, PGI2, TXB2 and LTB4 | ELISA | (Xie et al. 2015) | |
| 18β-GA | Indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage | Complex compound of 18β-GA and hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin | Reduce mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 | (Ishida 2013) | |||
| 18β-GA | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 75 μM | 34% reduction in NO | ELISA | Do not affect the viability of the RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration lower than 150 μM | (Wang et al. 2011) |
| 18β-GA | 75 μM | 58% reduction in PEG2 | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |||
| 18β-GA | 75 μM | 34% reduction in TNF-α | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |||
| 18β-GA | 75 μM | 35% reduction in IL-6 | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |||
| 18β-GA | 75 μM | 42% reduction in IL-1β | ELISA | (Wang et al. 2011) | |||
| LCA | TNFα (10 ng·mL−1)-induced NF-κB activation | NIH-3T3 cells | 10/20/30 μM | Inhibit in a dose-dependent manner | EMSA | (Funakoshi-Tago et al. 2010) | |
| LCA | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced mouse peritoneal macrophage cells | Mouse peritoneal macrophage cells | 0.1/0.5/1 μg·mL−1 | Decrease PGE2 by 31.1, 58.3 and 80.3% | PGE2 kit | (Cui et al. 2008) | |
| LCA | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 10 μM. | The PGE2 inhibition rates exceed 80% | DCFH-DA fluorometric assay | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| LCA | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 12.8 ± 1.45 μM. | The effective concentration of ABTS+ radicals are scavenged by 50% | ABTS + radical scavenging capacity assay | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| LCA | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 11.6 ± 1.84 μM | Inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation EC50 | Fe2+-ascorbic acid system | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| LCB | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 3 μM. | The inhibition rate of NO exceeds 50%. | DCFH-DA fluorometric assay | ||
| LCB | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 2.68 ± 0.09 μM. | The concentration of ABTS+ radicals are scavenged by 50% | ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity assay | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| LCB | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 3.92 ± 0.12 μM | Inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation EC50 | Fe2+-ascorbic acid system | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| LCC | RBL-2H3 cells sensitized with anti-DNP IgE (100 ng·mL−1) | RBL-2H3 cells | 24 μM | Inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release | β-hexosaminidase release assay and trypan blue exclusion assay | 30% cytotoxicity: > 30 μM | (Tanifuji et al. 2010) |
| LCD | RBL-2H3 cells sensitized with anti-DNP IgE (100 ng·mL−1) | RBL-2H3 cells | 21 μM | Inhibition of β-hexosaminidase release | β-hexosaminidase release assay and trypan blue exclusion assay | 30% cytotoxicity: > 30 μM | (Tanifuji et al. 2010) |
| LCE | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage | RAW 264.7 murine macrophage | 2.5–7.5 μmol·L−1 | Dose-dependently inhibit NO, PGE2; markedly suppress the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins; and the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α | ELISA | (Lee et al. 2013) | |
| Echinatin | LPS (1 μg·mL−1)-induced murine RAW 264.7 cells | RAW 264.7 cells | 2.95 ± 0.11 μM | The effective concentration of ABTS+ radicals are scavenged by 50% | ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity assay | (Fu et al. 2013) | |
| Echinatin | 47.2 ± 2.64 μM | Inhibitory activity on 50% lipid peroxidation | Fe2+-ascorbic acid system | (Fu et al. 2013) | |||
| ISL | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | 2.5–10 μg·mL−1 | NO levels with 50% inhibition attain at 7.5 μg·mL−1 (29 μM). | ELISA | (Thiyagarajan et al. 2011) | |
| ISL | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | 1.85 μg·mL−1 (7.2 μM) | IL-1 levels with 50% inhibition | ELISA | (Thiyagarajan et al. 2011) | |
| ISL | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | 1.92 μg·mL−1 (7.16 μm) | IL-6 levels with 50% inhibition | ELISA | (Thiyagarajan et al. 2011) | |
| ISL | PMA (50 ng·mole−1)-exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | 10 μM | Nearly abolish the expression of MMP-2 mRNA | MTT | Nontoxic concentrations showed up 25 ≤ μM for 24h serum-free culture experiments | (Kang et al. 2010) |
| GLD | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | 10 μg·mL−1 | 33% inhibition in NO levels | ELISA | (Thiyagarajan et al. 2011) | |
| GLD | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line | 10 μg·mL−1 (30.8 μM) | IL-1 levels with 50% inhibition | ELISA | (Thiyagarajan et al. 2011) | |
| LIA | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 0.1, 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of IL-6 | No obvious cytotoxic effects were detected at 1mg·mL−1 with the cell viability of 85% | (La et al. 2011) | |
| LIA | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of CCL5 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| LIA | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukemia cell line | 0.1, 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of MMP-8 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| LIA | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of MMP-7 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| LIA | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of MMP-9 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| LID | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 0.1, 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of IL-6 | No obvious cytotoxic effects were detected at 1mg·mL−1 with the cell viability of 85% | (La et al. 2011) | |
| LID | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 0.1, 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of MMP-7 and MMP-8 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| LID | LPS (0.1 μg·mL−1)-induced U937 cells line | U937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593.2; human monoblastic leukaemia cell line | 0.5, 1 μg·mL−1 | Decreased the secretion of MMP-9 | (La et al. 2011) | ||
| DGC | 0.5 mM | Ferric reducing antioxidant power 855.07 ± 84.14 μmole·L−1 | Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| DGC | 0.205 ± 0.005 mM | IC50 for DPPH | DPPH radical scavenging assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| DGC | 0.465 ± 0.081 mM | IC50 value for ABTS+ | ABTS+ radical cation-decolourization assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| DGC | Glutamate (5 mM)-induced HT22 cells | HT22 cells | 2 μM | Dose-dependently inhibit ROS production | 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay and western-blot | (Kim HJ et al. 2012a) | |
| DGD | 0.5 mM | Ferric reducing antioxidant power 812.04 ± 40.35 μmole·L−1 | Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| DGD | 0.309 ± 0.002 mM | IC50 for DPPH | DPPH radical scavenging assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| DGD | 0.635 ± 0.035 mM | IC50 value for ABTS+ | ABTS+ radical cation-decolourization assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| ISOA | 0.5 mM | Ferric reducing antioxidant power 231.57 ± 24.44 μmole·L−1 | Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| ISOA | 0.418 ± 0.015 mM | IC50 for DPPH | DPPH radical scavenging assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) | |||
| ISOA | 0.655 ± 0.042 mM | IC50 value for ABTS+ | ABTS+ radical cation-decolourization assay | (Kim HJ et al. 2012b) |