Table 3.
Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses (seroprotection and seroconversion) against seasonal influenza strains in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) vaccinated with inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) according to assumption (Probiotic group) or not (Control group) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
| Time | Probiotic group | Control group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A/Michigan (HIN1) | |||
| GMT | T1 | 49.1 | 42.9 |
| T2 | 434.5*** | 463.1*** | |
| GMTR | T1 | ||
| T2 | 8.8 | 10.8 | |
| Protected, n. (%) | T1 | 23 (67.6) | 16 (53.3) |
| T2 | 32 (94.1)* | 30 (100)*** | |
| Seroconversion, n. (%) | T1 | ||
| T2 | 27 (79.4) | 20 (66.7) | |
| A/HongKong (H3N2) | |||
| GMT | T1 | 147.5 | 171.5 |
| T2 | 471.4*** | 557.2*** | |
| GMTR | T1 | ||
| T2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | |
| Protected, n. (%) | T1 | 33 (97.1) | 28 (93.3) |
| T2 | 34 (100)† | 30 (100) † | |
| Seroconversion, n. (%) | T1 | ||
| T2 | 15 (44.1) | 14 (46.7) | |
| B/Brisbane (victoria-like) | |||
| GMT | T1 | 33.9 | 54.1 |
| T2 | 204.3*** | 206.3*** | |
| GMTR | T1 | ||
| T2 | 6.0 | 3.8 | |
| Protected, n. (%) | T1 | 21 (61.8) | 21 (70.0) |
| T2 | 31 (91.2)** | 27 (90.0) † | |
| Seroconversion, n. (%) | T1 | ||
| T2 | 23 (67.6) | 17 (56.7) | |
| B/Phuket (yamagata-like) | |||
| GMT | T1 | 13.3 | 17.8 |
| T2 | 69.4*** | 85.7*** | |
| GMTR | T1 | ||
| T2 | 5.2 | 4.8 | |
| Protected, n. (%) | T1 | 10 (29.4) | 12 (40.0) |
| T2 | 26 (76.5)*** | 25 (83.3)*** | |
| Seroconversion, n. (%) | T1 | ||
| T2 | 19 (55.9) | 14 (46.7) | |
GMT: Geometric Mean Titer; GMTR: Geometric Mean Titer Ratio.
Differences in GMT and seroprotection frequency between T1 and T2 within each group were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum tests or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001; † NS.