Table 1.

Overview of clinical trials applying human-derived stem cells for bone tissue engineering applications/investigations to demonstrate in vivo possibilities.

Stem cell source	Intervention	Scaffold material	Clinical procedure	Reference
Bone marrow
Posterior iliac crest	Aspirate concentrated	FDBA, PRP	Maxillary sinus floor elevation	Bertolai et al. [141]
Posterior iliac crest	Aspirate concentrated	DBBM	Maxillary sinus floor elevation	Pasquali et al. [142]
Posterior iliac crest	In vitro cultivation	β-TCP	Maxillary sinus floor elevation	Kaigler et al. [39]
Posterior iliac crest	In vitro cultivation	β-TCP	Alveolar cleft reconstruction	Bajestan et al. [43]
Posterior iliac crest	Aspirate concentrated	COL, PRF, nano-HA	Alveolar cleft reconstruction	Al-Ahmady et al. [143]
Posterior iliac crest	In vitro cultivation	HA-SI	Alveolar cleft reconstruction	Khalifa and Gomaa [144]
Posterior iliac crest	Aspirate concentrated	COL, CGF	Jaw defect reconstruction (after enucleation of cyst)	Talaat et al. [145]
Tuberosity	In vitro cultivation	PLA, PRP	Periodontal intrabony defect regeneration	Baba et al. [41]
Adipose tissue
Abdominal	Aspirate concentrated into SVF	β-TCP or BCP	Maxillary sinus floor elevation	Prins et al. [59]
Buccal fat pad	In vitro cultivation	DBBM, AB	Alveolar cleft reconstruction	Khojasteh et al. [60]
Abdominal	In vitro cultivation	—	Mandibular condylar fracture regeneration	Castillo-Cardiel et al. [61]
Dental tissue
Periosteum	Mechanical disaggregation of sample tissue	PLGA, HA	Maxillary sinus floor elevation	Baena et al. [68]
Pulp	Mechanical disaggregation of sample tissue	COL	Tooth socket preservation	Monti et al. [67]
Periosteum	Mechanical disaggregation of sample tissue	COL	Tooth socket preservation	D' Aquino et al. [66]
Pulp	Mechanical disaggregation of sample tissue	COL	Intrabony periodontal defects	Ferrarotti et al. [69]

PLA: polylactide acid; β-TCP: beta-tricalcium phosphate; FDBA: freeze-dried bone allografts; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; BCP: biphasic calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate); DBM: demineralized bone matrix; AB: autologous bone; COL: collagen sponge; CGF: concentrated growth factor; HA: hydroxyapatite; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); SI: silica.