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(a) Effects of curcumin on the motility of Ishikawa cells in vitro. Ishikawa cells were pretreated with 0, 20, and 40 μM curcumin for 48 h. Transwell assays were used to measure the migration of cancer cells with 0.1% crystal violet staining (magnification: ×200). (b) The mobility is compared to the NC group. The values of the histograms were calculated from the data of three independent replicates and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗∗p < 0.01.
