Table 1.

Overview of narrow-sense heritability estimates for the most commonly used personality questionnaires. These studies used a combination of twin and family based designs.

Questionnaire	Heritability Estimate	Reference
EPQ	35–57%	(Keller, et al., 2005; Zietsch, Verweij, Bailey, Wright, & Martin, 2010)
TPQ/TCI	30–60%	(Gillespie, Cloninger, Heath, & Martin, 2003; Gillespie, Johnstone, Boyce, Heath, & Martin, 2001; Heath, Cloninger, & Martin, 1994; Heiman, Stallings, Hofer, & Hewitt, 2003; Keller, et al., 2005)
NEO-PI	17–65%	(Riemann et al. 1997; Jang et al. 1998; Loehlin et al. 1998; Pilia et al. 2006; Vernon et al. 2008; Distel et al. 2009)