Table 5. Spatial autoregressive (SAR) model results using urban tree canopy cover (UTCC) and ecosystem service dollars (ESD) as response variables.
| MI | PP | PM | WOHS | WUDG | MYHB | PR | L/R | ΔAIC | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East | New York | SEM | UTCC | (**) | * | ns | (***) | ns | ns | (***) | *** | -1845.5 |
| ESD | ns | ** | ns | (**) | ns | ns | ns | *** | -2486.0 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | (***) | ** | ns | (***) | ns | ns | (***) | *** | -1910.7 | ||
| ESD | ns | *** | ns | (**) | *** | ns | ns | *** | -2542.2 | |||
| Philadelphia | SEM | UTCC | ** | ns | (*) | ns | ** | ** | ns | *** | -887.5 | |
| ESD | ** | ns | (*) | ns | ** | ** | ns | *** | -928.3 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | ** | ns | ns | ns | ** | *** | ns | *** | -897.4 | ||
| ESD | ** | ns | ns | ns | ** | *** | ns | *** | -937.2 | |||
| Washington | SEM | UTCC | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -300.4 | |
| ESD | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -326.7 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -309.8 | ||
| ESD | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -337.4 | |||
| Midwest | Chicago | SEM | UTCC | Ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | (***) | (***) | *** | -979.0 |
| ESD | Ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | (***) | (***) | *** | -1008.1 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | Ns | ns | * | (*) | * | (***) | (***) | *** | -1016.1 | ||
| ESD | * | ns | * | (*) | * | (***) | (***) | *** | -1046.0 | |||
| Cleveland | SEM | UTCC | Ns | ns | Ns | Ns | *** | ns | ns | *** | -100.3 | |
| ESD | Ns | ns | * | Ns | *** | ns | ns | ** | -103.7 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | Ns | ns | Ns | Ns | *** | ns | (*) | *** | -100.4 | ||
| ESD | Ns | ns | Ns | Ns | *** | ns | Ns | *** | -102.5 | |||
| Pittsburgh | SEM | UTCC | Ns | ns | * | (*) | Ns | ** | (***) | *** | -117.8 | |
| ESD | Ns | ns | * | (*) | Ns | * | (***) | *** | -126.4 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | Ns | ns | *** | (*) | Ns | * | (***) | *** | -121.1 | ||
| ESD | Ns | ns | *** | Ns | Ns | * | (***) | *** | -130.8 | |||
| West | Los Angeles | SEM | UTCC | *** | ns | (***) | (*) | * | (*) | (***) | *** | -1121.7 |
| ESD | *** | ns | (***) | (*) | * | (*) | (***) | *** | -1217.1 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | *** | *** | (***) | (*) | ns | (***) | (***) | *** | -1091.7 | ||
| ESD | *** | *** | (***) | ns | ns | (***) | (***) | *** | -1190.7 | |||
| Sacramento | SEM | UTCC | Ns | ns | (**) | ns | ** | (***) | * | *** | -167.6 | |
| ESD | Ns | ns | (***) | ns | ** | (***) | ns | *** | -114.4 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | Ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | (***) | ns | *** | -162.7 | ||
| ESD | * | ns | ns | ns | ** | (***) | ns | *** | -124.3 | |||
| San Diego | SEM | UTCC | ** | ns | (***) | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -190.6 | |
| ESD | * | ns | (***) | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | -196.1 | |||
| SLAG | UTCC | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | (**) | *** | -202.4 | ||
| ESD | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | (**) | *** | -206.2 |
SEM: Spatial Error Model; SLAG: Spatial Lag Model; UTCC: Urban Tree Canopy Cover; ESD: Ecosystem Service Dollars per square kilometer; MI: Median Income; PP: Percent Poverty; PM: Percent Minority; WOHS: Percent without a High School Degree; WUDG: Percent with an Undergraduate Degree; MYHB: Median Year Home Built; PR: Percent Renters; PD: Population Density; L/R: Lambda or Rho, Spatial Coefficients; Delta AIC: SAR AIC value minus OLS AIC value. Red cells with no parentheses around asterisks indicate positive relationships; Blue cells with parentheses around asterisks indicate negative relationships. Yellow highlighted and bolded cells in the delta AIC column indicate the SAR model with the greatest decrease in AIC value between equivalent SEM and SLAG models. All SAR models had lower AIC values relative to OLS models.
* denotes p < 0.05
** denotes p < 0.01
*** denotes p < 0.001.