Table 2.
Summary of Resting-State Functional Connectivity Studies
| Study | Sample Size by Group | Scan Time | Motion Correction | Correction for Multiple Comparisons | Findings with High Negative Urgency | Findings with High Positive Urgency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoptman et al., 2014 (21) | HC: 31 SCZ: 33 |
6 min | Motion correction, denoising, mean FD included as covariate | Primary threshold: z=2.3 Cluster-level correction: p=0.05 using GRF |
SCZ: ↓ lateral OFC → MFG (left) ↓ medial OFC → SFG ↓ medial OFC → rACC ↓ rACC → SFG ↑ lateral OFC → IFG/MFG (right) ↑ lateral OFC → PCC ↑ medial OFC → precuneus ↑ medial OFC → cuneus ↑ frontal pole → SPL HC: ↓ lateral OFC → insula ↓ frontal pole → insula ↓ frontal pole → postcentral gyrus ↑ frontal pole → putamen ↑ lateral OFC → STG |
SCZ: ↓ rACC → frontal pole ↑ frontal pole → occipital gyrus HC: ↓ lateral OFC → insula ↑ rACC→ IPL ↑ rACC→ parahippocampal gyrus ↑ frontal pole → putamen |
| Golchert et al., 2017 (119) | HC: 112 (MPI-S) HC: 92 (NKI-RS) |
MPI-S: 15.5 min NKI-RS: 10 min | Motion correction, denoising, mean FD included as covariate | Primary threshold: z=3.1 Cluster-level correction: pFWE < .05 |
Null | ↓ subgenual ACC → retrosplenial cortex |
| Zhao et al., 2017 (120) * | HC: 85 | 10.83 min | Motion correction, scrubbing FD > 0.3mm |
Primary threshold: p<0.001 Cluster-level correction: pFWE < 0.05 |
↓ PCC/precuneus → VTA, thalamus, LN, medial GP, putamen, SN and caudate ↓ PCC/precuneus → precentral gyrus |
|
| Zhu et al., 2017 (118) | HC: 26 AD: 25 |
5 min | Motion correction, scrubbing FD > 0.5mm or > 5% change global signal intensity | Primary threshold: pFWE < 0.05; Results correction: p < 0.05 bonferroni |
AD: ↓ amygdala ⬄ striatum ↓ OFC ⬄ ECN ↓ OFC ⬄ DMN HC: Null |
AD: Null HC: ↓ anterior DMN ⬄ anterior DMN |
| Um et al., 2019 (121) | HC: 62 TU: 34 |
5 min | Motion correction, denoising, motion parameters included as covariates, scrubbing FD > 0.3mm | Primary threshold: p = .001; Cluster-level threshold pFWE < .05. |
Whole group: ↑ AI → dACC TU: ↓ NAcc → dACC, DLPFC HC: ↑ NAcc → dACC, DLPFC |
N/A |
ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; AD, alcohol dependence; AI, anterior insula; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMN, default mode network; ECN, executive control network; FD, framewise displacement; FWE, family-wise error rate; GP, globus pallidus; HC, healthy control; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule LN, lentiform nucleus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MPI-S, Max Planck Institute Sample; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; NKI-RS, Nathan Kline Institute – Rockland Sample; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; SCZ, schizophrenia; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SN, substantia nigra; SPL, superior parietal lobule; STG, superior temporal gyrus TU, tobacco user; VTA, ventral tegmental area.
Used an Urgency score that combined PU and NU.
Represents a positive correlation with Urgency
Represents a negative correlation with Urgency
Represents bidirectional functional connectivity
Represents directional (seeded) functional connectivity
– Study did not include Positive Urgency in analyses