Table 1.
Characteristicsa of White Project Viva Participants by Quartile of Mid-Childhood Hair Cortisol Concentration
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | (n=149) | (n=151) | (n=149) | (n=150) |
| Female (%) | 64 | 56 | 52 | 45 |
| Parental Characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age at enrollment (years) | 33.4 (4.0) | 33.5 (4.2) | 33.3 (4.4) | 33.8 (4.4) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (4.1) | 23.9 (4.7) | 23.8 (4.3) | 24.8 (4.7) |
| Yearly household income (% ≥ $70,000) | 75 | 71 | 75 | 74 |
| Mother’s education (% college graduate) | 85 | 83 | 78 | 79 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy (%) | 7 | 7 | 6 | 12 |
| Early Life Characteristics | ||||
| Birthweight-for-sex-and-gestational age z-score | 0.49 (0.84) | 0.36 (0.93) | 0.22 (0.88) | 0.26 (1.05) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.8 (1.9) | 39.7 (1.5) | 39.7 (1.6) | 39.7 (1.3) |
| Mid-childhood Characteristics | ||||
| Mid-childhood HCCb (pg/mg) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 5.7 (3.6, 12.8) |
| Age at mid-childhood hair collection (years) | 7.8 (0.8) | 7.8 (0.7) | 7.9 (0.7) | 7.9 (0.8) |
| Secondhand smoke exposure | 7 | 10 | 7 | 14 |
| Pubertal development score | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) |
| Early Adolescent Characteristics | ||||
| Adolescent HCCb | 2.0 (1.0, 3.7) | 2.0 (0.8, 3.7) | 2.2 (1.2, 4.2) | 2.6 (1.3, 5.1) |
| Age at early adolescent hair collection (years) | 13.1 (0.8) | 13.0 (0.8) | 13.0 (0.7) | 13.2 (1.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.3 (3.4) | 19.6 (3.1) | 20.4 (3.7) | 20.7 (4.3) |
| BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score | 0.27 (0.95) | 0.12 (0.98) | 0.34 (0.99) | 0.37 (1.07) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 71.8 (9.2) | 70.5 (8.5) | 73.2 (10.8) | 73.0 (11.9) |
| Waist-height ratio | 0.45 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.05) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.46 (0.07) |
| DXA total fat mass (kg/m2) | 6.1 (2.5) | 5.7 (2.2) | 6.3 (2.6) | 6.3 (2.8) |
| DXA trunk fat index (kg/m2) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.4) |
| Metabolic risk z-score | −0.04 (0.59) | −0.12 (0.52) | 0.07 (0.59) | 0.04 (0.68) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 106.1 (9.4) | 107.3 (8.9) | 106.5 (9.9) | 106.5 (9.7) |
| HOMA-IRb | 2.5 (1.9, 3.7) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.2) | 2.8 (1.9, 4.0) | 3.3 (2.0, 4.2) |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)b | 11.6 (8.6, 16.7) | 11.2 (7.9, 15.5) | 13.9 (9.8, 19.9) | 15.1 (9.2, 18.6) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 54.0 (48.2, 61.2) | 56.4 (46.9, 64.9) | 52.5 (45.2, 59.4) | 56.0 (47.7, 65.1) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 64.0 (47.0, 86.0) | 65.0 (51.5, 90.5) | 72.0 (52.0, 92.0) | 65.0 (48.0, 88.5) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L)b | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.8) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)b | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL)b | 6.2 (4.8, 8.7) | 6.4 (4.9, 8.6) | 6.1 (4.3, 8.2) | 5.9 (4.4, 8.1) |
| Leptin (ng/mL)b | 6.5 (3.5, 12.7) | 5.7 (3.3, 10.7) | 7.2 (3.0, 15.3) | 7.8 (3.0, 16.1) |
a
Mean (SD) or % presented unless otherwise stated
b
Median and interquartile range presented