Figure 2.

a) A microfluidic perfused three-dimensional human liver model. b) Scaffold-free liver-on-a-chip model with multiscale organotypic cultures. c) VLSLL-on-a-chip model showing the fabrication of liver lobules. d) An artificial liver sinusoid with a microfluidic endothelial-like barrier for primary hepatocyte culture. e) Perfused multiwell plate for 3D liver tissue engineering. Reprinted a) with permission from Elsevier (16), b) and d) from John Wiley & Sons (17) and (18), respectively, c) from IOP publishing (19), and e) from Royal Society of Chemistry (20). VLSLL: Very large-scale liver-lobule, HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane, PLCs: Primary liver cells.