Figure 3.

a) Schematics of microarchitecture and geometric configuration of the NAFLD-on-a-chip device. b) Chip mimicking the early stages of NAFLD by treatment with FFA. c) The gut-liver chip to mimic the absorption and accumulation of fatty acids in the intestines and the liver. d) A reversibly-and irreversibly-injured ALD model where the development of fibrosis can be seen. Reprinted a) with permission from Public Library of Science (22), b) from Baishideng Publishing Group (23), c) from John Wiley & Sons (24), and d) from Royal Society of Chemistry (25). ALD: Alcoholic liver disease, FFA: Free fatty acids.