Table 1.
Immunomodulatory Effects, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Uses of MSCs
| MSCs | Representative References |
|---|---|
| Effect | |
| Suppress mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) | 149 |
| Impair proliferation and/or functionality of: | |
| T cells | 123,124,149,150,152,205, 206, 207, 208 |
| B cells | 158,159 |
| NK cells | 153 |
| DCs | 146,151,157,209, 210, 211, 212, 213 |
| Skew the balance of T cells toward FoxP3+ Tregs | 90,125,145,149,155,156,160,198, 199, 200, 201 |
| Induce formation of non-traditional CD8+ Tregs | 86,156,202,203 |
| Stimulate Bregs | 204 |
| Skew macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype | 214, 215, 216 |
| Soluble Factor Produced by MSCs to Modulate Immunity | |
| TGFb1 | 265 |
| HGF | 167 |
| PGE2 | 165 |
| IDO (human) | 244,246,267 |
| iNOS (mouse) | 162,164 |
| HO (rat) | 239,267 |
| LIF | 261, 262, 263 |
| HLA-G | 253, 254, 255, 256 |
| IGF/IGFBP | 217 |
| TSG-6 | 266 |
| IL-10 | 265 |
| Semaphorins | 218,219 |
| Galectins | 161,219, 220, 221, 222, 223 |
| Ephrin B | 230 |
| GARP | 228 |
| Adenosine | 224,225 |
| Disease/Therapeutic Target | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | 3 |
| Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | 177,314, 315, 316, 317, 318 |
| Arthritis | 180 |
| Ischemia/reperfusion injury | 96,100 |
| To thwart immune response to transplanted: | |
| HSCs | 109,129 |
| Solid organs | 90,149,176,181,182 |
| Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) | 126,171,172,183 |