Table 2.
Biomarkers of exposure.
| Biomarker | Abbreviation | Associated toxicant/compound | Matrix |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon monoxideb | CO | Carbon monoxide | Exhaled breath |
| Total nicotine equivalents (nicotine, cotinine, 3-hydroxycotinine and their glucuronide conjugates)b | TNeq | Nicotine | Urine (24-h) |
| Total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanola | Total NNAL | Metabolite of the smoke toxicant 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) | Urine (24-h) |
| Total N-nitrosonornicotineb | Total NNN | NNN | Urine (24-h) |
| 3-Hydroxypropylmercapturic acidb | 3-HPMA | Acrolein | Urine (24-h) |
| 3-Hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acidb | HMPMA | Crotonaldehyde | Urine (24-h) |
| S-Phenylmercapturic acidb | S-PMA | Benzene | Urine (24-h) |
| Monohydroxybutenyl-mercapturic acidb | MHBMA | 1,3-butadiene | Urine (24-h) |
| 2-Cyanoethylmercapturic acidb | CEMA | Acrylonitrile | Urine (24-h) |
| 1-Hydroxypyreneb | 1-OHP | Pyrene | Urine (24-h) |
| 2-Hydroxyethylmercapturic acidb | HEMA | Ethylene oxide | Urine (24-h) |
| 4-Aminobiphenylb | 4-ABP | 4-aminobiphenyl | Urine (24-h) |
| 2-Aminonaphthaleneb | 2-AN | 2-aminonaphthalene | Urine (24-h) |
| Ortho-toluidineb | o-Tol | Ortho-toluidine | Urine (24-h) |