Table 1.
Methods to establish an animal model.
| Model | Modeling method | Molding time | Mortality | Success rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHR | — | 18 m [5, 9, 10] | — | >50% [9] | |
|
| |||||
| Aortic Stenosis Model | |||||
| TAC | Ligation of the aortic arch | 18-G needle and 4-0 silk [15] | 8 w | 7.14% | 85.71 |
| 17-G needle and 6-0 silk [16] | 8 w | — | — | ||
| 27-G needle and 7-0 silk | 4 w [17–19] 1 w [20, 21] | <25% [22–25] 25%–50% [26–28] 50%–75% [29–31] | 28% [32] | ||
| 20-G needle and 3-0 silk [33] | 6 w | 85% | — | ||
| 22-G needle and 4-0 silk [34] | 2 w | — | — | ||
| 18-G needle and 5-0 nylon [35] | 8 w | — | 75.76% | ||
| The titanium clamp (internal diameter: 0.45 mm) [36] | 3 w | 20% | — | ||
| 26 G clip [37], 30 G clip [38, 39] | 4 w | — | — | ||
| Ascending aorta constriction model | Ligation of the ascending aorta | 0.8 mm blunt steel wire and 3-0 silk [46] | 6 w | 7.7% | 82.82% |
| 27-G needle and 7–0 silk [47] | 8 w | 70% | — | ||
| A titanium clip (50%–60% of original diameter) [43] | 21 m [48] | 20% [43] | 100% [48] | ||
| O-rings (ID of 0.61 mm or 0.66 mm) [49] | 4 w or 6 w | 1.3% | — | ||
| AAC | Ligation of the abdominal aorta | 22-G needle and 2-0 silk [52] and 22-G needle and 4-0 silk [53] | 12 w | — | — |
| 24-G needle and 2-0 silk [54] | 3 w | 8% | — | ||
| 7-G needle and 4-0 silk [55] | 4 w | 18.8% | 100% | ||
| 21-G needle and 4-0 silk [56] | 2 w | — | — | ||
|
| |||||
| Renovascular model | |||||
| 2K1C | Ligation of unilateral renal artery | A polytetrafluoroethylene tubing (0.2 mm internal space) [59] | 3 d | 1.2% | 73.3 ± 15.4% |
| Stainless steel wire (diameter: 0.3 mm) [60] | 3 w | — | 100% | ||
| A silver clip (0.2 mm internal space) | 4 W [61], 15 d [62], 6 w [63], 7 w [64] | — | — | ||
| 2K2C | Ligation of bilateral renal arteries | Two silver clips (0.3 mm internal space) | 10 w [66, 67], 4 w [68] | — | — |
| 1K1C | Ligation of unilateral renal artery after nephrectomy | A silver clip (0.15 mm internal gap) | 4 w [70, 71] | — | — |
|
| |||||
| Unilateral nephrectomy model | Five-sixth nephrectomy | 8 w [73, 76], 5 w [78] | — | — | |
| 4 w [77] | 20% | — | |||
| Right nephrectomy | 10 d [74] | — | — | ||
|
| |||||
| Pulmonary hypertension model | |||||
| PAB | Ligation of the pulmonary artery | A surgical clip (internal diameter of 0.35 mm) | 3 w [83], 7 d [84] | — | — |
| 18-G needle and 7-0 prolene suture [85] | 4 w | 35.71% | — | ||
| Vascular cuff (5 mm width) [86] | 3 w | 3.8% | — | ||
| 16-G or 18-G and 7-0 prolene suture [87] | 21 d | — | — | ||
| Semiclosed clip (outer size: 18-G needle) [85] | 4 w | 46.43% | — | ||
| MCT | Injection | 60 mg/Kg | 2 w [94], 3 w [93] | — | — |
| 4 w | 31.58% [86] or 37.5% [95] | — | |||
| 35 d [96] | 55% | — | |||
| 50 mg/Kg | 2 w [97] | — | — | ||
| SU5416 | Injection | 20 mg/kg, 10% O2 | 5 w | 12.5% [105] or 25% [108] | — |
| 8 w [106], 9 w [107] | — | — | |||
|
| |||||
| Exogenous induction model | |||||
| NaCl | Feeding | 8% NaCl | 13 w [112] | 68% | — |
| 6 w [114] | — | — | |||
| 8 w [115] | — | — | |||
| 4 w [113] | — | — | |||
| 14 w | 67% [116] or 25% [117] | — | |||
| 18 w [118] | 25% | — | |||
| 200 ng/kg/min [122], 1.5 µg/g/day [123], 0.83 μg/kg/min [124], 400 ng/kg/min [125], 0.7 mg/kg/d [126] | 4 w | — | — | ||
| Angiotensin II | Osmotic minipump | 0.2 or 2.0 μg/kg/min [121] | 4 w | 100% | — |
| 1.5 mg/kg/day [130], 1000 ng/kg/min [128], 1.1 mg/kg/day [129], 800 ng/min/kg [127] | 2 w | — | — | ||
| Aldosterone alone | Osmotic minipump | 0.2 mg/kg/day [135], 200 mg/kg/day [136] | 4 w | — | — |
| 0.15 μg/h [137–139] | 4 w | 100% | — | ||
| Aldosterone plus unilateral nephrectomy | Osmotic minipump | 0.75 μg/h [140] | 4 w [140] or 6 w [141] | — | — |
| L-NAME | Feeding or gavage | 20 mg/d [147] | 8 w | 33% | 80% |
| 40 mg/kg [148] | 4 w | — | — | ||
| 60 mg/kg/day [149] | 16 w | 10% | — | ||
| 3 m/ml [150] | 6 w | — | — | ||
| 0.1 g/L [151] | 2 w | — | — | ||
|
| |||||
| Genetic model | |||||
| Ufl1 knockout mice | 6 m [155] | — | — | ||
| Raf1L613V expression mice | 4 d [156] | — | — | ||