Table 1.
Known phytochemicals, their source, and therapeutic use.
| Phytochemical | Source | Therapeutic use | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-Fluorouracil | Withania somnifera | Human cervical cancer cell | [29] |
| Vindesine | Catharanthus roseus | Leukemias, testicular, breast and lung cancer | [30] |
| Vincristine | Catharanthus roseus | Lymphocytic leukemia | [30] |
| Vinblastine | Catharanthus roseus | Lymphocytic leukemia | [30] |
| Colchicine | Colchicum autumnale | Multiple solid tumors | [31] |
| Larotaxel | Taxus baccata | Breast, bladder, and pancreatic cancer | [32] |
| Cabazitaxel | Taxus baccata | Prostate cancer | [33] |
| Paclitaxel | Taxus brevifolia | Breast and ovarian cancer | [30] |
| Bullatacin | Annona squamosa | Liver cancer | [34] |
| Bryophyllin A | Bryophyllum pinnatum | Cervical cancer | [35] |
| Harmine | Peganum harmala | Breast cancer | [36] |
| Artemisinin | Artemisia annua | Liver, breast, and pancreatic cancer | [37] |
| Tannins | Debregeasia saeneb | Internal tumors | [38] |
| Theabrownin | Camellia sinensis | Lung cancer | [39] |
| Solamargine | Solanum nigrum | Breast, liver, lung, and skin cancer | [40] |
| Psoralidin | Psoralea corylifolia | Stomach and prostate cancer | [41] |
| Xanthatin | Xanthium strumarium | Lymphocytic leukemia and liver cancer | [42] |
| Thymoquinone | Nigella sativa | Colon, prostate, breast, and pancreas cancer | [43] |
| Kaempferol galactoside | Bauhinia variegata | Breast, lung, and liver cancer | [43] |
| Withaferin A, D | Withania somnifera | Breast, cervix, prostate, and colon cancer | [44] |
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | Ovary, cervix, colon, liver, and urinary caner | [45] |
| Silibinin | Sylibum marianum | Lung, liver, skin, colon, and prostate cancer | [46] |
| Luteolin | Capsicum annuum | Colorectal cancer | [47] |
| Colchicine | Colchicum autumnale | Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic granulocytic leukemia | [48] |
| Skimmianine | Aegle marmelos | Liver cancer | [49] |
| Boswellic acid | Boswellia serrata | Prostate cancer | [50] |
| Silymarin | Sylibum marianum | Colorectal cancer and colon cancer | [51] |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa | Colon adenocarcinoma | [52] |
| Podophyllotoxin | Podophyllum peltatum | Non-small-cell lung carcinoma | [53] |
| Andrographolide | Andrographis paniculata | Colon cancer | [47] |
| Podophyllotoxin | Podophyllum hexandrum | Breast, ovary, lung, liver, bladder, and testis cancer | [54] |
| Betulinic acid | Betula utilis | Melanomas | [55] |
| Panaxadiol | Panax ginseng | Human colon cancer | [56] |
| Gossypol | Gossypium hirsutum | Colorectal cancer | [57] |
| Chrysin | Passiflora caerulea | Colorectal cancer | [58] |
| Plumbagin | Plumbago zeylanica | Liver, fibrosarcoma, leukemia, and breast cancer | [59] |
| 6-Shogaol | Zingiber officinale | Ovary cancer | [60] |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa | Breast, lung, colon, prostate esophagus, liver, and skin cancer | [61] |
| Ursolic acid | Oldenlandia diffusa | Lungs, ovary, uterus, stomach, liver, colon, rectum, and brain cancer | [62] |
| Isoliquiritigenin | Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Human lung cancer | [63] |
| Punarnavine | Boerrhavia diffusa | Malignant melanoma cancer | [64] |
| Procyanidins | Vitis vinifera | Human colon cancer | [65] |
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum | Colorectal, skin, and liver cancer | [66] |
| Damnacanthal | Morinda citrifolia | Lung cancer, sarcomas | [67] |
| Gossypol | Gossypium hirsutum | Breast, stomach, liver, prostate, and bladder cancer | [68] |
| Niazinine A | Moringa oliefera | Blood cancer | [69] |
| Amooranin | Amoora rohituka | Lymphocytic leukemia | [70] |
| Betulinic acid | Ziziphus rugosa | Cytotoxicity against human melanoma cells | [71] |
| Asiatic acid | Centella asiatica | Melanoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer | [72] |
| Gallic acid | Leea indica | Ehrlich ascites carcinoma | [73] |
| Combretastatins | Combretum caffrum | Colon, leukemia, and lung cancer | [74] |
| Lycopene | Solanum lycopersicum | Prostate and colon cancer | [75] |
| Plumbagin | Plumbago zeylanica | Blood and skin cancer | [76] |
| Cannabinoid | Cannabis sativa | Lung, pancreas, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer | [77] |
| Silymarin | Sylibum marianum | Colorectal cancer | [78] |
| Tylophorine | Tylophora indica | Breast cancer | [74] |
| Saffron | Saffron crocus | Liver, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer | [79] |
| nab-paclitaxel | Taxus brevifolia | Ovarian and breast cancer | [80] |
| Cyanidin | Vitis vinifera | Colon cancer | [81] |
| Actein | Actaea racemosa | Liver and breast cancer | [82] |
| Betulinic acid | Betula Sp. | Human melanoma xenografts and leukemia | [30] |
| Allin | Allium sativum | Carcinoma of human mammary gland | [83] |
| Neferine | Nelumbo nucifera | Liver cancer | [84] |
| Calcaelin | Calvatia caelata | Breast and spleen cancer cells | [85] |
| Lentinan | Lentinus edodes | Sarcoma-180 in mice | [86] |
| Schizophyllan | Schizophyllum commune | Head and neck cancer | [87] |
| Apigenin | Matricaria chamomilla | Colorectal cancer | [88] |
| Vitex | Vitex agnus-castu | Human uterine, ovarian, cervical, and breast cancer | [89] |