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Survival of queens from the start of hibernation to the end of the experiment, according to their social origin (single or multiple-queen colonies) and experimental winter condition (mild or harsh). Queens emerging from multiple-queen colonies had higher mortality after a harsh than after a mild winter condition and had higher mortality than queens from single-queen colonies in both winter conditions. Post hoc FDR corrected-p** = <0.01. Other groups did not differ.
