Table 1.
Background characteristics the participants and mean scores of the psychosocial scales (N = 2666).
| Background/Psychosocial Variables | Mean ± SD | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 12.77 ± 0.75 | |
| Gender (male) | 1384 (51.9) | |
| City (Shanghai) | 1423 (53.4) | |
| Live with | ||
| Father | 83 (3.1) | |
| Mother | 219 (8.2) | |
| Both | 2252 (84.5) | |
| Neither | 112 (4.2) | |
| Single-parent family (no) | 2407 (9.3) | |
| Family socio-economic status | ||
| Very poor | 16 (0.6) | |
| Poor | 93 (3.5) | |
| Ordinary | 1008 (37.8) | |
| Good | 1333 (5.0) | |
| Very good | 216 (8.1) | |
| Education level (father) | ||
| Primary school or below | 75 (2.8) | |
| Junior high school | 459 (17.2) | |
| Senior high school/vocational school | 637 (23.9) | |
| College | 360 (13.5) | |
| Undergraduate | 834 (31.3) | |
| Postgraduate | 301 (11.3) | |
| Education level (mother) | ||
| Primary school or below | 112 (4.2) | |
| Junior high school | 469 (17.6) | |
| Senior high school/vocational school | 613 (23.0) | |
| College | 416 (15.6) | |
| Undergraduate | 848 (31.8) | |
| Postgraduate | 208 (7.8) | |
| IGD (yes) | 346 (13.0) | |
| Parental support (score ranging 1–7) | 5.16 ± 1.43 | |
| Peer support (score ranging 1–7) | 5.09 ± 1.33 | |
| Positive relationship with parents (score ranging 1–10) | 8.04 ± 2.04 | |
| Positive relationship with peers (score ranging 1–10) | 8.31 ± 1.84 | |
| Parental psychological control (score ranging 1–4) | 2.51 ± 0.66 | |
| Verbal abuse by teachers (score ranging 0–4) | 1.60 ± 0.90 | |
| Verbal/physical abuse by parents (score ranging 0–4) | 1.34 ± 0.97 | |
| Peer bullying (score ranging 0–4) | 0.95 ± 0.86 | |
| Online bullying (score ranging 0–4) | 0.35 ± 0.77 |