Table 2.
Associated Factor | Leptospirae Positive (N = 37) | Leptospirae Negative (N = 357) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Age | 47.8 (7.8) a | 42.1 (9.6) a | 5.71 (2.93, 8.49) b | 0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 29 (9.3) | 284 (90.7) | 0.93 (0.41, 2.12) | 0.867 |
Female c | 8 (9.9) | 25 (90.1) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
KDM | 20 (9.5) | 190 (90.5) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.04) | 0.923 |
Non-KDM c | 17 (9.2) | 167 (90.8) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 29 (9.1) | 290 (90.9) | 0.84 (0.37, 1.91) | 0.674 |
Single/widower c | 8 (10.7) | 67 (89.3) | ||
Household number | ||||
>3 | 14 (8.0) | 160 (92.0) | 0.75 (0.37, 1.50) | 0.417 |
≤3 c | 23 (10.5) | 197 (89.5) | ||
Level of academic achievement | ||||
<Secondary school | 12 (12.5) | 84 (87.5) | 1.56 (0.75, 3.24) | 0.233 |
≥Secondary school c | 25 (8.4) | 273 (91.6) | ||
Monthly salary (RM) | 1876.1 (612.9) a | 1651.0 (611.7) a | 225.1 (11.81, 438.45) b | 0.039 |
Occupational Factors | ||||
Duration of employment | 19.7 (11.6) a | 14.4 (11.3) a | 5.29 (1.25, 9.33) b | 0.011 |
Job category | ||||
Garbage collector | ||||
Yes | 9 (6.2) | 31 (93.8) | 1.92 (0.88, 4.18) | 0.103 |
No c | 28 (11.2) | 221 (88.8) | ||
Town sweeper | ||||
Yes | 15 (15.5) | 82 (84.5) | ||
No c | 22 (7.4) | 275 (92.6) | 2.29 (1.13, 4.61) | 0.021 |
Landscaper | ||||
Yes | 8 (8.1) | 91 (91.9) | ||
No c | 29 (9.8) | 266 (90.2) | 0.81 (0.36, 1.83) | 0.606 |
Lorry driver | ||||
Yes | 5 (9.4) | 48 (90.6) | ||
No c | 32 (9.4) | 309 (90.6) | 1.01 (0.37, 2.71) | 0.991 |
Working shift category | ||||
Night shift | 4 (7.5) | 49 (92.5) | 0.76 (0.26, 2.25) | 0.802 d |
Daytime shift | 33 (9.7) | 308 (90.3) | ||
Working while having a body wound | ||||
Yes | 13 (7.6) | 157 (92.4) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.40) | 0.303 |
No c | 24 (10.7) | 200 (89.3) | ||
Practising hand washing with soap at work | ||||
No | 7 (13.2) | 46 (86.8) | 1.58 (0.65, 3.80) | 0.309 |
Yes c | 30 (8.8) | 311 (91.2) | ||
Taking a shower before going home | ||||
No | 31 (9.3) | 302 (90.7) | 0.94 (0.38, 2.36) | 0.897 |
Yes c | 6 (9.8) | 55 (90.2) | ||
Having food or drink while performing the job | ||||
Yes | 10 (8.3) | 111 (91.7) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.75) | 0.61 |
No c | 27 (9.9) | 246 (90.1) | ||
Having cigarettes while performing the job | ||||
Yes | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | 0.90 (0.36, 2.26) | 0.828 |
No c | 31 (9.5) | 294 (90.5) | ||
Animal contact in the workplace | ||||
Yes | 8 (12.3) | 57 (87.7) | 1.45 (0.63, 3.34) | 0.38 |
No c | 29 (8.8) | 300 (91.2) | ||
Encountering rats or rodents in the workplace | ||||
Yes | 34 (9.8) | 312 (90.2) | 1.64 (0.48, 5.54) | 0.599 d |
No | 3 (6.3) | 45 (93.8) | ||
Personal protective equipment (PPE) usage at work | ||||
No | 3 (5.8) | 49 (94.2) | 0.56 (0.16, 1.88) | 0.449 d |
Yes | 34 (9.9) | 308 (90.1) | ||
Environmental Factors | ||||
House status | ||||
Rented | 14 (9.9) | 127 (90.1) | 1.10 (0.55, 2.22) | 0.785 |
Owned c | 23 (9.1) | 230 (90.9) | ||
House type | ||||
Wooden | 18 (7.9) | 211 (92.1) | 0.66 (0.33, 1.29) | 0.222 |
Brick c | 19 (11.5) | 146 (88.5) | ||
Water source | ||||
Non-JBA | 7 (10.1) | 62 (89.9) | 1.11 (0.47, 2.64) | 0.813 |
JBA c | 30 (9.2) | 295 (90.8) | ||
Toilet type | ||||
Pit | 3 (4.7) | 61 (95.3) | 0.43 (0.13, 1.44) | 0.239 d |
Flush | 34 (10.3) | 296 (89.7) | ||
River near the house | ||||
Yes | 24 (9.7) | 224 (90.3) | 1.10 (0.54, 2.23) | 0.799 |
No c | 13 (8.9) | 133 (91.1) | ||
Paddy field near the house | ||||
Yes | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | 0.90 (0.36, 2.26) | 0.828 |
No c | 31 (9.5) | 294 (90.5) | ||
Household animal ownership | ||||
Yes | 18 (7.8) | 212 (92.2) | 0.65 (0.33, 1.28) | 0.21 |
No c | 19 (11.6) | 145 (88.4) | ||
Neighbours’ animal ownership | ||||
Yes | 25 (8.6) | 267 (91.4) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.46) | 0.324 |
No c | 12 (11.8) | 90 (88.2) | ||
Presence of rats in the house | ||||
Yes | 17 (8.6) | 180 (91.4) | 0.84 (0.42, 1.65) | 0.605 |
No c | 20 (10.2) | 177 (89.9) | ||
Household area affected by flooding | ||||
Yes | 2 (7.7) | 24 (92.3) | 0.79 (0.18, 3.50) | 1.000 d |
No | 35 (9.5) | 333 (90.5) | ||
Accumulated garbage near the house | ||||
Yes | 12 (9.7) | 112 (90.3) | 1.05 (0.51, 2.17) | 0.895 |
No c | 25 (9.3) | 245 (90.7) | ||
Garbage disposal | ||||
Non-public service | 9 (7.3) | 115 (92.7) | 0.68 (0.31, 1.48) | 0.328 |
Public service c | 28 (10.4) | 242 (89.6) | ||
Recreational activities | ||||
Swimming in rivers | ||||
Yes | 2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7) | 1.64 (0.35, 7.64) | 0.631 d |
No | 35 (9.2) | 345 (90.8) | ||
Gardening | ||||
Yes | 16 (11.8) | 120 (88.2) | 1.51 (0.76, 2.99) | 0.243 |
No c | 21 (8.1) | 237 (91.9) | ||
Fishing | ||||
Yes | 4 (4.2) | 91 (95.8) | 0.35 (0.12, 1.03) | 0.067 d |
No | 33 (11.0) | 266 (89.0) |
a Mean (SD), b mean difference (95% CI), c reference group, d Fisher’s exact test. OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, KDM = Kadazan-Dusun-Murut, RM = Ringgit Malaysia, JBA = Jabatan Bekalan Air.