Figure 4.

Molecular targets of polyphenols in senescence induction. Polyphenols can induce cancer cell senescence via various pathways, including (1) regulation of oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression, (2) activation of DDR, (3) promotion of oxidative stress, (4) induction of ER stress, (5) modulation of epigenetics, and (6) other mechanisms. AKT, protein kinase B; DLC1, deleted in liver cancer1; hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress; UPR, unfolded protein response; FOXO3a, forkhead box O 3a; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.