Table 1.
Polyphenols and polyphenol derivatives as cancer cell senescence inducers and their effect on signal transduction pathways.
| Classification | Compounds | Concentration | Pathways | Cancer Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol and its derivatives | Resveratrol | 25/50 (μM) | p53/CXCR2 | Osteosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Lung cancer |
[60] |
| 50 (μM) | BRCA1/DDR | Osteosarcoma | [61] | ||
| 30 (μM) | ROS/DDR | Colon cancer | [62] | ||
| 100 (μM) | ROS/DLC1/SASP | Breast cancer Lung cancer |
[46] | ||
| 6/20 (μM) 100 (μM) |
Histone H2B Pokemon |
Glioma | [63,64] | ||
| 25/50 (μM) | SIRT1 | Gastric cancer | [65] | ||
| 50 (μM) | Rictor/RhoA-GTPase | Nonmelanoma skin cancer | [66] | ||
| Pterostilbene | 2.5/5/50 (μM) | hTERT/DDR | Lung cancer | [67,68] | |
| Pauciflorol B | 10 (μM) | p16/Rb | Lung cancer | [69] | |
| 3,3’,4,4’-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene | 10/50/100 (μM) | ROS DDR | Ovarian cancer | [70] | |
| Flavonoids | Quercetin | 50/100/200 (μM) | RAS/MAPK/ERK PI3K/AKT |
Glioma | [71] |
| Beta-naphthoflavone | 10 (μM) | PI3K/AKT/cyclinD1/D3 MAPK/ERK |
Breast cancer | [72] | |
| Baicalin | 10/20/40 (μM) | DEPP/RAS/Raf/MEK/ERK DEPP/p16/Rb |
Colon cancer | [73] | |
| IdB 1016 | 63.2/126.5 (μg/mL) | HER-2/neu p53 |
Breast cancer | [74] | |
| Diosmin | 5/10 (μM) | ROS DDR |
Breast cancer | [27] | |
| Apigenin | Above 25 (μM) | ROS/RNS p16/cyclin D1/p-Rb p21/cyclin E/p-Rb |
Colorectal cancer | [75] | |
| Coumestrol | 50 (μM) | CKII/ROS/p53/p21 | Breast cancer Colon cancer |
[76] | |
| Rotenone | 0.4 (μM) | Ca2+/ROS | Neuroblastoma | [77] | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 10 (μM) | DDR | Colon cancer | [78] | |
| Oroxin A | 5/10/15/20 (μM) | p38/ER stress | Breast cancer | [79] | |
| Cristacarpin | 1 (μM) | p38/ER stress/ROS/p21 | Pancreatic Breast cancer |
[80] | |
| Flavokawain B | 3 (μg/mL) | ATF4/DDIT3/TRIB3/AkT/mTOR | Glioblastoma multiforme | [81] | |
| Phenolic acids | Penta-1,2,3,4,6-Ogalloyl-β-d-glucose | 25 (μM) | UPR | Liver cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer |
[82] |
| Gallotannin | 40 (μM) | AMPK/SIRT1 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [83] |
CXCR2: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2; DDR: DNA damage response; ROS: reactive oxygen species; DLC1: deleted in liver cancer1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; Pokemon: POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor; SIRT1: silent information regulator 1; Rictor: rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin; hTERT: human telomerase reverse transcriptase; Rb: retinoblastoma protein; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; DEPP: decidual protein induced by progesterone; HER-2/neu: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; ER stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; TRIB3: tribbles pseudokinase 3; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; UPR: unfolded protein response; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.