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Effects of foliar spray with Ch (a and b) and NPs (c and d) on expression of defense related genes encoding chitinases in roots inoculated or non-inoculated with R. irregularis. (a,c) Basic isoform (Chi9), and (b,d) acidic isoform (Chi3) of chitinase. Data are represented as the mean ± SD (n = 4), different letters show significantly different values after two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05).
